1. COMPETING PARADIGMS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH by Egon G. Guba & Yvonna S. Lincoln O JOSCYLN LEMOK AK EMPUNGAN O P71724 O TASK 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1

2. INTERNAL CRITIQUES O There are 5 critiques to Quantitative Research : O Context stripping O Exclusion of meaning & purpose O Disjunction of grand theories with local context O Inapplicability of general data to individual cases O Exclusion of the discovery dimension in inquiry

3. CONSTANT ISSUE(S)QUANTITATIVEQUALITATIVE CONTEXT STRIPPING -Focused towards controlling the variables: random sampling -Diminish from its relevance – validity & generalizability Included the background information regarding the samples EXCLUSION OF MEANING & PURPOSE -Human characteristics & feelings does not matter -Emphasis on the importance of empirical data - The data collected shows clear awareness and is perceptive towards human characteristics

4. DISJUNCTION OF GRAND THEORIES WITH LOCAL CONTEXTS -Etic theory: This study investigate by testing the hypotheses. -Emit theory: studying individuals, groups or cultures to obtain findings INAPPLICABILITY OF GENERAL DATA TO INDIVIDUAL CASES -The statistic obtained is useful but the findings cannot always apply to an individual case - Pays attention to a particular individual: elaboration is given when explaining about the findings to avoid vagueness EXCLUSION OF THE DISCOVERY DIMENSION IN INQUIRY - Believe in empirical data: findings based on numbers are acceptable and true. - Believe in the discovery of reasons for events – explaining with words

5. THE NATURE OF PARADIGMS O 2 paradigms: O Positivism O Postpositivism O 3 theories: O Ontology O Epistemology O methodology

6. THEORIESPOSITIVISMPOSTPOSITIVISM ONTOLOGY – emphasis on finding the ‘true’ answers to certain research Truth do exist -Believe that truth is objective, fixed, understandable, and unchangeable -Believe that true answers do exist but it needed to be criticized

7. THEORIESPOSITIVISMPOSTPOSITIVISM METHODOLOGY – emphasis on the ways to find answers to the truth -Employ objective methods - Employ subjective methods

8. IMPLICATIONS OF EACH PARADIGM’S POSITION ON SELECTED PRACTICAL ISSUES

9. O 4 paradigms: O Positivism O Postpositivism O Critical theory O Constructivism O 10 issues O Inquiry aim, Nature of knowledge, Knowledge accumulation & Quality criteria O Values & Ethics O Voice, training, accommodation & hegemony

10. HOW DO STUDENTS GET MOTIVATED WHEN LEARNING LITERATURE COMPONENT IN CLASSROOM?

11. POSTPOSITIVISM O The aim of inquiry O to explain O Methods to collect data O Not about verifying the hypotheses O Type of data collected O Data accumulated adds to the readily available data from previous research

12. THE END