1. Symbiosis

2. Define sym: _____________________ Define bio: _____________________ Define symbiosis: __________________________________ With, together Life Symbiosis means life together. The different forms of symbiosis describe the relationships between organisms that live together.

3. There are ___ major types of symbiosis that you need to be familiar with: 4 1. ___________________: ________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________: ________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________: ________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________: ________________________________________________________ Mutualism Both organisms benefit each other. Parasitism One organism helps itself while hurting another. Commensalism One organism helps itself without affecting the other. Predation One organism kills and eats another organism.

4. Examples of Mutualism Rhizobia are the type of __________ that live in the roots of legumes and fix ___________. In return for the nitrogen, the rhizobia get ______________ from the plants. Both the bacteria and the plants receive a benefit from this relationship. bacteria nitrogen carbohydrates Soybean root nodules, containing billions of Rhizobium bacteria

5. Examples of Mutualism Another type of mutualism exists between flowers and their ____________. Birds and bees gain pollen and nectar for themselves in return for helping the plants ____________. The pollinator gains __________ while the plant is able to share its _________ material. pollinators reproduce nutrition genetic

6. Examples of Mutualism Bacteria live in the ____________ of humans and other animals and help them ________ food. In return, the bacteria are provided with ___________. This is good for both the bacteria and the animal. intestines digest nutrients

7. Examples of Parasitism Parasites help themselves by _________ another species. The organism that is hurt by the parasite is known as its ______. hurting host Photo by Joaquim Alves Gaspar

8. Examples of Parasitism Fleas and ticks live on _________ and feed on the nutrient rich _______ of the animals. This _______ the animals that are being fed on and opens them up to a more serious infection. animals bloodhurts

9. Examples of Parasitism Many types of insects feed on the _______ of plants. This keeps the plant from performing ______________ and producing the glucose that it needs to grow. leaves photosynthesis

10. Examples of Commensalism The word commensalism means to _______________. It was named this because it originally described the relationship between animals known as scavengers that ate the “leftovers” of another animal’s hunt. Vultures may eat the remains of animal killed by a lion. Since the lion is done with its meal, the vulture is _____________ and _____________ the lion by eating the meat. The word has since become to mean any relationship between two species where one is ________ and the other is ______________. dine together not hurtingnot helping helped not affected Photo by Magnus Kjaergaard

11. Examples of Commensalism Some organisms rely on larger animals for ______________. They ride on the backs of the larger animals without affecting the animals in any significant way. _______ ride on the back of larger insects without hurting the insects or helping them. transportation Mites Photo by Saleem Hameed

12. Examples of Commensalism Some organisms use another organism as _________. Orchids grow on ______ so that they can gain the ________ and _________ that they need. They do not help or hurt the trees on which they live. housing trees water nutrients Photo by Dirk van der Made

13. Examples of Commensalism Some species use the creation of another species that is already _______. Hermit crabs use the shells of dead __________ to protect themselves. Since the gastropod is already dead, it is not helping it or harming it to have its shell used by the hermit crab. dead gastropods

14. Examples of Predation Predation describes the relationship between a __________ and its _______. It is important to distinguish predation from parasitism. Parasites may make their host sick, but they do not just _____ and _____ their host. That is what predators do. We will spend quite a bit of time discussing predators and their prey in the second semester. predator prey killeat Photo by Luca Galuzzi Photo by Steve Jurvetson

15. Examples of Predation We show the predatory relationship in food chains and food webs by drawing an arrow from the _______ to the _________. This shows the flow of _________. Energy that was in the ______ is given to the __________ as it eats. prey predatorenergy food predator LionWildebeest

16. Draw an arrow from the prey to the predator in each of the relationships shown on your notes.

17. Decide whether the following relationships represent mutualism (M), commenalism (C), parasitism (P) or predation (X). Mantis eating a bee Predation (X)

18. Decide whether the following relationships represent mutualism (M), commenalism (C), parasitism (P) or predation (X). Clownfish find shelter in an anemone while chasing away its predators Mutualism (M)

19. Decide whether the following relationships represent mutualism (M), commenalism (C), parasitism (P) or predation (X). Roundworms live in the intestines of animals stealing valuable nutrients Parasitism (P)

20. Decide whether the following relationships represent mutualism (M), commenalism (C), parasitism (P) or predation (X). Mites travel on the back of a fly. Commensalism (C) Photo by Joaquim Alves Gaspar

21. Decide whether the relationships on our notes represent mutualism (M), commenalism (C), parasitism (P) or predation (X).