1. Hypothesis and Experiment – Egyptian Style Step 1: Commandeer two infant children from a lower class servant Step 2: Have someone raise them, in isolation, and keep them from hearing any sounds made from humans (or language of any kind) Step 3: Wait two years, rinse/repeat, and wait for them to speak Step 4: make up a story to make you seem awesome even though it’s completely implausible and modern science will prove it incorrect.

2. Messages From Above: Who is in control? “Achilles called the men to gather together, this having been put into his mind by the goddess of the white arms, Hera, who had pity on the Greeks when she saw them dying… and he said to them, “I believe that backwards we must make our way home if we are to escape death through fighting and plaguing.” the Iliad

3. Ancient Hebrews as well… “After these things the word of the Lord came unto Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram: I am thy sheild, and thy exceeding great reward.” Genesis, 15:1

4. Saul’s psychotic fits… in religious text “But the spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him… And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him. I Samuel, 16:14-23

5. The East also gets involved… 6 th century BC –India – Buddha attributes human thoughts to our sensations and perceptions –China – Confucius stresses the power of thought and decision that lay within each person “A man can command his principles; principles do not master the man”

6. The strongest shift occurs in Greece… Solon: poet and lawgiver – sidebar… why aren’t more lawgivers writing poetry these days? When are the great works of John Boehner going to be released? –Scribed one of the most famous pieces of advice in Western Civilization at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi KNOW THYSELF

7. Enter the Greeks: Socrates – the “original” Plato – the idealist Aristotle – the realist

8. The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning Evidence of trephining found all over the ancient world: Ancient Egypt Far and Middle East India Aztecs, Inca Brazilian tribes South Seas North and Equatorial Africa

9. Medieval thru Renaissance Emergence of science Emergence of humanism –Thinking transitioned from god/spirit centered to human centered Grünewald’s The Temptation of St. Anthony Human qualities of temptation and evil

10. John Locke 1632-1704 Empiricism Knowledge based on sensations and reflection Tabula Rasa argues _________ over ___________

11. Charles Darwin The Origin of Species –Diversity of life thru proposed evolutionary processes Natural Selection

12. When Did Psychological Science Begin? 1879 – University of Leipzig, Germany Wilhelm Wundt –

13. Edward Titchener Student of Wundt Introduced structuralism

14. Issues with STRUCTURALISM Requires smart verbal people (bias?) Unreliable because results, like experiences, vary from person to person –No way to standardize it People’s recollections of actual events frequently err –Boston Massacre

15. William James Consider the functions of our feelings and thoughts Functionalism: Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin (adaptive nature of functionalism) Responsible for introducing psychology to the educated public (bias?)

16. William James 1842-1943 Add to your notes his famous work: Principles of Psychology

17. Fun fact - William James is responsible for nearly inventing the final exam Grumble grumble grumble

18. Mary Whiton Calkins Interesting sociological story Early female psychology pioneer –Refused PhD First APA female president - 1905

19. Margaret Floy Washburn First PhD in psychology held by a woman Second female to become APA president

20. Beverly Inez Prosser First African American woman PhD

21. How Psychological Science has Developed Early Days – Wundt, Titchener, James Transition to Freud –1920’s psych = mental life

22. 1920-1960’s Shift from mental to behavior focused Record rates of how people’s behavior changes as they respond to different situations Watson, Skinner

23. 1880’s-1950’s Age of the LobotomyLobotomyAge of the LobotomyLobotomy

24. Humanistic Psychology Around the same time – humanistic psych will rebel against Freudian psychology and behaviorism Humanistic psychology: –Rogers, Maslow

25. 1960’s – The Cognitive Revolution Cognitive Neuroscience – study of brain activity linked with mental activity –Perception, thinking, memory, language Hugely important to treatment and understanding new ways to treat things like depression, OCD, etc

26. What is Psychology? There are fads, shifts, and transitions with no clear defined sense of science as it is ever changing Loosely – psychology can be defined as: the science of behavior AND mental processes

27. Max Wertheimer 1842-1910 Gestalt Psychology (gestalt =German for a form or a whole)

28. Names and Famous Milestones to Know Galileo – method of inquiry (transition to human- centered) Broca – French, discovers left area of frontal lobe in charge of language (called Broca’s area) G Stanley Hall – adolescence Hermann Ebbinghaus – forgetting curve/memory Titchener – structuralism (introspection) Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis Wertheimer and Koffka – Gestalists Galen – first biochemist in the field Ivan Pavlov – conditioning (dog drool) Watson - behaviorist

29. Approaches to Psychology: The Big 5 Psychodynamic Humanist Cognitive Biological Behavioral Two newer approaches: 6. Sociocultural 7. Evolutionary/sociobiological

30. Approaches to Psychology Why do people do that? Why do people behave that way? These are the 2 questions we are going to be answering per approach… keep them in mind!

31. BIOLOGICAL/NEUROBIOLOGICAL Brain, body, genetics Answer:

32. GENETIC-BEHAVIORAL Within groups, what is nature and what is nurture Answer:

33. EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOBIOLOGICAL Which behaviors evolved to get genes to the next generation Answer:

34. SOCIOCULTURAL Which behaviors derive from group membership Answer:

35. HUMANISTIC/HUMANISM Free will, human growth and potential Answer:

36. PSYCHOANALYTICAL/PSYCHODYNAMIC Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses (sex and aggression) Answer:

37. COGNITIVE Thinking – how the brain acquires, stores, processes, and retrieves information Answer:

38. DEVELOPMENTAL Predictable patterns of change throughout life Answer:

39. TRAIT Individual differences result from differences in patterns of stable characteristics (i.e. personality traits – introverted vs. extroverted) Answer:

40. So what do we do with all this mess? We evaluate the three biggest issues in the field today – NATURE VS NURTURE STABILITY VS CHANGE RATIONAL VS IRRATIONAL

41. Oh it gets better… You can break down these fields into subfields depending on where your specialty/interests lie 1. Clinical psych – diagnose and treat severe disorders 2. Counseling psych – less severe disorders – anxiety, low-level depression, phobias 3. Psychiatry – branch of medicine – works with disorders and prescribes meds 4. School psych – test administration – severe cases – 5. Industrial Organization psych – workplace/human – human factors 6. Experimental psych – university – mice – details 7. Social psych – prejudice and stereotypes – group behavior 8. Developmental psych – geriatric 9. Psychometric psych – test designers – statistics – 10. Forensic psych – CSI – military operations 11. Sports psych 12. Psychophysics – relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experiences associated

42. Test Subjects