1. Psychology 256 Introduction to Brain and Behavior Dr. Hakan

2. What is the Brain? Billions of nerve cells

3. What is the Brain? Thousands of connections where one neuron may interact (communicate) with other neurons. As many as 10,000 connections 40+ neurochemicals ( neurotransmitters)

4. Why Study the Brain? Sensation Motion Internal Regulation Reproduction Adaptation EVERYTHING WE DO!

5. Overarching Principles of Brain function Hierarchically organized Redundant control Inhibition Automaticity Conscious vs Unconscious processes

6. The Scientific Method Empiricism Objectivity Measurement and testing replication

7. NUTS AND BOLTS to get started

8. Planes of orientation

9. Confusing terms (Particularly where the CNS makes its’ 90 degree bend) Anterior-Posterior/Rostral-Caudal Dorsal-ventral/ Superior-inferior

10. Dorsal fins

14. The basic unit of the nervous system

15. Myelin gives a whitish appearance because its adipose content Shwann cells myelinate the PNS

16. Oligodendrocytes myelinate the CNS

17. White matter and gray matter reflect organization

18. Staining for myelin in the brain coronal section

19. Myelin Staining in the Spinal cord Horizontal plane Dorsal ventral

20. Organizational schemes always have shortcomings: The PNS can not be truly separated from the CNS

21. To consider the PNS we first must consider the spinal cord The vertebral column

24. Each vertebra houses a spinal cord segment Midsaggital view

25. Each segment is similar: Central gray and surrounding white matter

28. Central gray: Dorsal = sensory Ventral = motor

29. Each segment gives rise to nerve pairs: i.e. The PNS

30. 31 peripheral nerve pairs

31. Each nerve pair contains thousands of incoming and outgoing axons

33. The PNS :All neural tissue outside of the cranium and vertebral column ( with one exception)

34. Major divisions of the PNS

36. motor output to skeletal muscles

37. And somatosensory input

39. The somatic division of the PNS gives rise to segmental organiztion: Dermatomes and myotomes

41. The autonomic division

42. The other subdivision of the PNS- the ANS

43. The sympathetic chain

44. Sympathetic activation may be magnified by adrenal gland

45. Some functional differences between the somatic branch and the ANS

46. THE CNS

47. Exception- The cranial nerves