1. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 LEAD AND COPPER COMPOSITION IN E-WASTE OLUBANJO KEHINDE ADEDEJI DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN IBADAN, NIGERIA kolubanjo@yahoo.com +234-80-231-000-96 1

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE Background Information on e- waste Problems Management and disposal options The government’s responsibilities NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 2

3. 3 PREAMBLE The electronics and information technology industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. As a consequence of this remarkable growth combined with the phenomenon of rapid product obsolescence, discarded electronic equipment, or e- waste is now recognised as the fastest growing waste stream in the industrialised world. Increasing market penetration in developing countries, replacement market in developed countries and high obsolescence rate, make e-waste one of the fastest growing waste streams. According to a 2005 estimate by United Nations Environment Programme, 20 to 50 million tonnes of e- waste is generated worldwide (Brigden et al, 2005).

4. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 4 PREAMBLE CONT’D Electronic devices and products contain an array of heavy metals such as mercury, lead, copper, gallium, selenium, arsenic, zinc, cobalt, tin, palladium and aluminium (Puckett and Smith, 2002). Short life equipment such as computers and mobile phones are the most problematic, the number of personal computers world-wide, for example “increased five-fold” from 105 million machines in 1988 to more than half a billion in 2002 (Worldwatch Institute, 2005). Due to the lack of financial resources available to most people in developing countries, much of the growth in the information technology (IT) sectors in developing countries, like Nigeria has been fuelled by the importation of hand-me-down, used equipment, from rich developed countries, and non usable electronic scraps from rich developed countries (Grossman, 2006).

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6. Source: United States National Safety Council, 1999 6 Figure 1: Decreasing Lifespan of Computers

7. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 Review of Heavy Metals in E-Waste What are heavy metals? Metals with a high relative atomic mass. Metals with density greater than 5g/cm 3 Metals with atomic weight greater than that of sodium (i.e. 23) The term is usually applied to common transition metals, such as copper, lead, and zinc. These metals are a cause of environmental pollution (heavy-metal pollution) from a number of sources, including lead in petrol, industrial effluents, and leaching of metal ions from the soil into lakes and rivers by acid rain. 7

8. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 LEAD A naturally occurring element used almost since the beginning of civilization A toxic substance which may cause lead poisoning and can be especially harmful to young children Human activities have spread lead widely throughout the environment – the air, water, soil, plants, animals, and man-made constructions Because of health concerns, lead from gasoline, paints and ceramic products, pipe solder have been dramatically reduced in recent years Lead sticks to soil particles 8

9. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 LEAD EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS Acute high lead exposure can cause serious physiologic effects, including death or long-term damage to brain function and organ systems. Lead may contaminate water, food, and alcohol, but the contaminant cannot be seen, tasted, or smelled (ATSDR, 1999) Lead damage kidneys and the immune system Unborn children can be exposed to lead through their mothers. Harmful effect include premature births, smaller babies, decreased mental ability in the infant, learning difficulties, and reduced growth in young children (ATSDR, 2004). 9

10. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 COPPER A reddish metal that occurs naturally in rock, soil, water, sediment, and at low levels in air It is primarily used as the metal or alloy in the manufacture of wire, sheet metal, pipe and other metal products Copper compounds are most commonly used in agriculture to treat plant diseases like mildew, or for water treatment and as preservatives for wood, leather and fabric 10

11. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 COPPER EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS Long exposure to copper dust can irritate nose, mouth and eyes, and cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea Drinking water that contains higher than normal levels of copper can cause vomiting, stomach cramps, or diarrhea Intentionally high intakes of copper can cause lover and kidney damage and even death (ATSDR, 2004). 11

12. Cathode Ray Tubes and Printed Wiring Boards Atypical CRT in computer monitors and TVs contain about 8% lead by weight (Smith, et al, 1996) CRTs also contain small amount of other toxic substances including Barium, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc (Lee and Hsi, 2002) PWBs contain 10 – 40% copper by weight (Ernst, et al, 2003) NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 12

13. Cadmium in batteries Lead in solder joints Plastics in cables 13

14. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 Burning of Circuit Board on stove 14

15. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 Opening of monitor 15

16. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 MATERIALS AND METHODS The 59 used/faulty computer samples of different brands, types, and different manufacturers used for this project work were collected from different electronic repairs workshops in Ibadan. 35 of out of the samples are central processing unit (CPU) and 24 are monitors The devices were dismantled individually, and the components were classified into two major types Millable parts: Printed wiring boards (PWBs including IC packages and batteries) in the CPU and monitor, CRT Non-millable parts: Metal frames, rods and other metal parts. One gram (1g) representative sub-sample of the thoroughly mixed sample was weighed into a digestion vessel according to EPA method 3050B. 16

17. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Summary of the Range and Mean (in Parenthesis) of Copper and Lead Concentration in the Components Analysed in mg/kg TTLC2500 (mg/kg)1000 (mg/kg) ComponentCopper (mg/kg)Lead (mg/kg) Printed Wiring Board (PWB) of Central Processing Unit (CPU) 83100 – 705300 (376195.70) 18060 – 400650 (89882.14) Printed Wiring Board (PWB) of the Monitor 39150 – 630300 (149818.8) 8460 – 80850 (47043.75) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 73.2 – 468 (165.83) 429 – 9900 (4340.81) 17

18. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 TTLC Fig 1: Total Concentration of Lead in the Printed Wiring Board of CPUs Analysed vs. TTLC = 1000 mg/kg 18

19. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 TTLC Fig 2: Total Concentration of Copper in the Printed Wiring Board of CPUs Analysed vs. TTLC = 2500 mg/kg 19

20. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 TTLC Fig 3: Total Concentration of Lead in the Printed Wiring Board of the Monitors Analysed vs. TTLC = 1000 mg/kg 20

21. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 TTLC Fig 4: Total Concentration of Copper in the Printed Wiring Board of the Monitors Analysed vs. TTLC = 2500 mg/kg 21

22. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 TTLC Fig 5: Total Concentration of Lead in the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) of the Monitors Analysed vs. TTLC = 1000 mg/kg 22

23. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 TTLC Fig 6: Total Concentration of Copper in the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) of the Monitors Analysed vs. TTLC = 2500 mg/kg 23

24. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 Fig 7: Comparison of the Mean Values of Lead in the three Parts of Computer Analysed 24

25. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 Fig 8: Comparison of the Mean Values of Copper in the three Parts of Computer Analysed 25

26. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 DISCUSSION Lead in the PWB of the CPU exceed its threshold limit 400 times, while Copper exceeds it threshold 282 times Lead in the PWB of the monitors exceeds its threshold limit 81 times while Copper exceeds it threshold by 252 times Copper content in the CRT is far below the threshold limit, while the lead content exceeds the threshold limit 10 times From the foregoing, electronics manufacturers will need to address not just Lead (as the current wave of responses to European and Japanese regulations have shown) but most importantly the Copper content of their products too. 26

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28. NVMP - StEP E-waste Summer School, Eindhoven, Netherlands 7 - 11 September 2009 RECOMMENDATIONS Adequate implementation of legislation and ban on imports Products should be designed for longetivity, upgrade, repair, and re-use Minimize toxics in production (use of lead-free solders) Adequate technologies for recycling Awareness programme on e-waste for school children and the general public Conduct a detailed inventories of e-waste Initiate a pilot scheme on collection and sorting of e-waste; which should include take back schemes, schemes for repair, refurbishment and recycling. 28

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