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2. modern analysis reveal unscheduled interruption allow - to ~ settle strengthen foundation fall over souvenir architect tilt slight install embarrassment flawed thrilling odd sink into - 현대적 분석 밝히다, 드러내다 예정에 없는 방해, 중단 - 가 ~ 하도록 하다 해결하다, 정착하다 강하게 하다 토대, 창설, 기초 넘어지다, 떨어지다 기념품 건축가 기울다 약간의, 사소한 설치하다 난처, 당황 ( 하게 하는 것 ) 흠이 있는 떨리는, 스릴 넘치는 이상한 - 에 파고들다

3. sight measure fascinate trench expose fire water table serious effort potential collapse drill pour stop - from ~ing as a result in spite of - outrage revenue freeze chemical 시야, 광경 측정하다 현혹하다 도랑, 참호 노출시키다, 드러내다 해고하다 지하 수면 진지한 노력 잠재력, 가능한, 잠재적인 붕괴하다, 망하다, 파산 구멍을 뚫다 퍼붓다, 쏟다 - 가 ~ 하지 못하게 하다 결론적으로 - 임에도 불구하고 격분, 분개 세입, 수익, 수입 얼다, 결빙 화학물질, 화학의

4. anchoring cables unfortunately prove to - so far manage to - reduce incline angle stabilize expert according to - monitor be out of danger extensive phase restoration take away characteristic make it clear that - 닻줄 불행히도 - 임이 입증되다 지금까지 겨우 – 하다 줄이다 경사 각도 안정시키다, 고정시키다 전문가 - 에 따르면 관리하다, 모니터 안전하다 집중적인 단계, 상태 회복, 부활, 복원 가져가다, - 을 제거하다 특성, 특질 - 을 분명히 하다

5. The Leaning Tower of Pisa Long ago in the city of Pisa, Italy, there was a beautiful public square called the Plaza of Miracles. There was a lovely cathedral in the square, but it had no bell tower. This made the people sad. They had no way of knowing, however, that one day their city would have the most famous tower in the world. In 1172, a wealthy lady named Berta di Bernardo died, leaving sixty gold coins in her will to buy stones to begin the construction of a bell tower in Pisa. Thank you, Berta. A beautiful bell tower will honor the city. In 1173, town officials chose a spot to build the tower. The ground here is soft and sandy. It's perfect! That's a problem! Uh-oh.

6. Only five years after work began, the tower began to lean to the north. This was first noticed during the construction of the third floor. Does that look straight to you? Um... not really. Builders added more weight to the other side, using wedges and stones to try to straighten the tower. But this only caused it to lean in the other direction! Later, it was discovered that the tower was built on unstable ground made up of layers of sand and clay. The weight of the building caused some places to sink more than others. Q1. What allowed the construction of the Tower of Pisa to begin Q1. What allowed the construction of the Tower of Pisa to begin? A wealthy old lady left sixty gold coins in her will to buy stones to begin the construction of the tower.

7. After five years and three stories, construction was stopped. Later, construction would be delayed several times more because of wars. Modern analysis has revealed that these unscheduled stops are the main reason the tower still exists today. The interruptions allowed the ground to settle, which strengthened the foundation. Had this not happened, the tower would have fallen over. 1272: Nearly a hundred years later, work started again. If the tower hasn’t fallen in 100 years, I think it’s safe to finish it. Get your Half-Finished Tower of Pisa souvenirs! How cute! A new architect named Giovanni de Simone decided to fix the tower by tilting the new construction in the other direction, creating a slight "banana" shape. This will fix it!

8. But the builders made the upper stories too heavy, causing the tower to lean even more. In 1278, work stopped again after the seventh story was built. Nearly 100 years later, in 1370, an architect named Tommaso d’Andrea added a special room on top, where a 3.5-ton bell was installed. This made the top of the tower even heavier. I wouldn't stand there if I were you! Q2. Q2. What effect did the unscheduled stops of construction have on the tower? They allowed the ground to settle, which strengthened the foundation.

9. The tower continued to lean for nearly 400 years. This was a great embarrassment to the people of Pisa. How could their perfect city have such a flawed tower? Isn't that tower leaning? Tower? What tower? Oh, how wonderful! Isn't it charming? What a thrilling sight! Then, in 1817, a pair of English architects traveled to Pisa to measure the tower and draw pictures of it. Soon, fascinated tourists around the world came to Pisa to see the odd tower. In 1838, an architect named Alessandro della Gherardesca dug a trench to expose the bottom part of the tower, which had sunk into the earth. His idea, however, wasn't a very good one.

10. That's a problem! You're fired! Since the trench was below the water table, it caused water to flood the south side of the tower, making it even more unstable. This will fix it! Serious efforts began when the 20th century started. Many plans were proposed to stop the tower’s potential collapse. In 1934, workers drilled 361 holes into the tower’s base and poured in 90 tons of cement to stop the tower from leaning further. In 1966 and 1985, more cement was added. Q3. Q3. What made the Tower of Pisa attract many tourists? The fact that the tower leaned made it attractive and drew tourists.

11. However, as a result, the tower began to slowly move in several different directions, and the situation became worse. Oops. That's a problem! By 1990, the 185-foot tower was tilting 15 feet and was very unstable. Government officials closed it in spite of public outrage and the tourist revenue that would be lost. During the 1990s, several more efforts were made to stop the tower from tilting further. In 1995, engineers made a big mistake by adding huge weights to one side. They even froze the ground with chemicals and installed anchoring cables. Unfortunately, the tower began to lean more and more! In 1996, engineers decided to remove soil from beneath the tower’s foundation.

12. Holes were drilled on the north side of the tower, and soil was removed. Engineers hoped the remaining soil would settle, causing the tower to settle with it. Just a little at a time. Hmm... I hope it doesn't get too straight. No one would come to see the Straight Tower of Pisa. This method proved to be the most successful so far and the engineering team managed to reduce the incline angle back to where it was in 1970 and stabilized the tower. Q5. Q5. What was the most successful method used to stabilize the tower? It was removing soil from beneath the tower's foundation.

13. Pisa’s Leaning Tower Safe for 300 Years The Leaning Tower of Pisa is Stabilized and Safe for Now, Expert Says ROME (Italy News) According to an engineer who has been monitoring the project, the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been successfully stabilized and is out of danger for at least 300 years. The tower’s four-meter tilt hasn’t worsened since the extensive engineering project that ended in 2001. It was closed to visitors for nearly 12 years, reopening in December, 2001 at the end of the biggest phase of the restoration project. Officials, however, have made it clear over the years that they have no plan to straighten the tower, which would take away the unique characteristic that continues to draw tourists from around the world. 2001: The plan worked! The tower returned to a stable angle and was officially reopened to tourists. It's perfect! Don't touch a thing! Check back in 300 years.

14. Pisa’s Leaning Tower Safe for 300 Years The Leaning Tower of Pisa is Stabilized and Safe for Now, Expert Says ROME (Italy News) According to an engineer who has been monitoring the project, the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been successfully stabilized and is out of danger for at least 300 years. The tower’s four-meter tilt hasn’t worsened since the extensive engineering project that ended in 2001. It was closed to visitors for nearly 12 years, reopening in December, 2001 at the end of the biggest phase of the restoration project. Officials, however, have made it clear over the years that they have no plan to straighten the tower, which would take away the unique characteristic that continues to draw tourists from around the world. 2001: The plan worked! The tower returned to a stable angle and was officially reopened to tourists. It's perfect! Don't touch a thing! Check back in 300 years. Q5. Q5. When did the leaning tower of Pisa reopen? It reopened in December, 2001 after 12 years of restoration.