1. THEMES IN BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1

2. 1. EMERGENT PROPERTIES HIERARCHY OF ORGANISMS Atoms  Molecules  Organelles  Cells  Multicellular Organisms 

3. Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism 

4. Population  Community  Ecosystem EMERGENT PROPERTIES- properties that emerge that were not present at lower levels of organization

5. These properties result from interactions between components Ex: If one component of the brain fails, the entire organ will not work properly

6. “ The whole is greater than the sum of its parts!”

7. 2. CELLS This is the lowest level of structure capable of performing all of the activities of life REMEMBER THESE GUYS? ROBERT HOOKE- discovered the cell under only 30X, observed cork cells as “tiny boxes” ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK- developed a more powerful microscope and observed living cells

8. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN & THEODOR SCHWANN- acknowledged cells as the universal units of life -Their observations and others led to the formation of the Cell Theory * all living things are made up of cells * all cells come from other cells

9. TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLS: PROKARYOTIC- no membrane-bound organelles, DNA is not enclosed in nucleus BACTERIA

10. EUKARYOTIC CELL- has membrane- bound organelles, DNA is enclosed in nucleus - PLANTS AND ANIMALS

11. 3. HERITABLE INFORMATION Biological instructions are encoded in DNA DOUBLE HELIX- 2 strands made up of the nucleotides A, T, C, G Nucleotides are the alphabet of inheritance

12. 4. STRUCTURE/FUNCTION “FORM FITS FUNCTION” Ex: The structure of a bird helps it to fly -Bones are strong but light -Shape of wings are aerodynamic

13. 5. INTERACTIONS WITH ENVIRONMENT An organism is an OPEN system, it interacts with many components of the environment Ex: Plants take up water from the soil and CO 2 from the air -Solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll in the leaves drives PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which releases O 2 into the air -Roots break up soil and release chemicals

14. ECOSYSTEM- many interactions between organisms and their environments ENERGY CONVERSION- transformation from one form of energy to another Ex: Photosynthesis transforms solar into chemical

15. 6. REGULATION Organisms obtain useful energy through related chemical reactions- so that no energy is wasted -ENZYMES are responsible for this regulation in cells * Enzymes are substances that speed up chemical reactions  CATALYSTS

16. Many processes are self-regulatory, operating by feedback NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- slows or stops processes Ex: Regulation of body temperature HOT- control center in brain activates sweat glands - evaporative cooling occurs and the blood cools down

17. - when blood cools down, negative feedback occurs, causing the brain to stop sending signals COLD- brain inactivates sweat glands and causes the blood vessels to constrict, forcing blood to deeper tissue - when blood warms up, negative feedback occurs

18. POSITIVE FEEDBACK- speeds up a process Ex: Blood vessel injury -Platelets begin to accumulate -Chemicals released by the platelets causes more platelets to accumulate -The cluster causes a set of reactions to seal the wound with a clot

19. 7. DIVERSITY AND UNITY About 1.5 million species have been identified TAXONOMY- the branch of biology that names and classifies species -Kingdoms and Domains are the broadest units of classification

20. REMEMBER? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

21. KING PHILLIP CAN ORDER FIVE GRAPE SODAS

22. 3 Domains: Bacteria Archae Eukarya In the Kingdom system, the first 2 were grouped together They are so different that taxonomists decided to separate the groups

23. Eukarya consists of all eukaryotes: Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Do all of these levels have anything in common? * The universal genetic language of DNA*

24. 8. EVOLUTION Evolution is the process that has transformed life on Earth from the earliest beginnings to the diversity that exists today - This is the one theme that ties together all of the others

25. CHARLES DARWIN- wrote The Origin of the Species

26. 2 concepts: 1.“Descent with modification”- modern species arose from a common ancestor 2.The Origin of Species- described how life evolves Came up with the theory of NATURAL SELECTION

27. NATURAL SELECTION- basically states that individuals with traits best suited to their environment leave a larger number of surviving, fertile offspring -Certain heritable traits are more likely to appear in each new generation -Natural selection is a gradual process

28. Darwin proposed that over time, natural selection could produce new species from an ancestral species -This could occur if parts of a population became isolated from each other GALAPAGOS FINCHES- 14 species probably descended from a common ancestor

30. 9. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY The process of science blends 2 main types of exploration DISCOVERY SCIENCE- uses accurate observations and measurements -This is “describing life” Ex: Sequencing the human genome

31. HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE SCIENCE- the Scientific Method REMEMBER THESE STEPS? Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment/Test

32. Ex: Observation- My car stops running Question: Why isn’t my car running? Hypothesis (educated guess): My gauge was reading low and I haven’t filled up recently, so maybe I am out of gas

33. Prediction (if…then statement): If I put gas in my car, then it will run Experiment/Test Put gas in my car SIMPLE! If the car still doesn’t run, then you could test additional hypotheses

34. Scientific Theory How is a theory different from a hypothesis? -A theory is much broader -Theories are only accepted in science if they are supported by a large amount of evidence -NATURAL SELECTION

35. 10. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY There is a very important relationship between science, technology, and society What are some examples of science and technology working together to better society?