2. 1 Classification copyright cmassengale

3. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms copyright cmassengale

4. Pangolin Not closely related to any other living mammal. Classified into its own group with Class Mammalia. Back and tail covered with scales similar to dinosaur bone plates. Have not teeth – have organ similar to bird gizzard and get food like an anteater. copyright cmassengale3

5. 4 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomy Science of naming and classifying organisms copyright cmassengale

6. 1. Write the scientific name for modern humans correctly. 2. Why do scientists avoid using common names when discussing organisms? 3. Name of dude who created classification? copyright cmassengale5

7. 4. Using this Dear King George Came Over For Grape Soda List the categories of the classification hierarchy copyright cmassengale6

8. 7 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents poor descriptions such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents poor descriptions such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Universal: Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Universal: Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

9. 8 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

10. 9 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

11. Species Scientific Names United States and England- Sparrow Spain – gorrion domestico Holland – huismus Scientific name: Passer domesticus

12. 11 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

13. 12 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

14. 13 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature Each species is assigned two part name – Genus species Each species is assigned two part name – Genus species In Latin In Latin Italicized in print Italicized in print Underline when writing Underline when writing Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

15. What is the correct way to write the scientific name? drosophila melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster Why are scientific names in Latin? 1.Latin is no longer used in conversation. 2.It’s tradition. 3.Universal. * Always capitalize the Genus and not the species.

16. 15 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

17. 16 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

18. 17 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific copyright cmassengale

19. 18 Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda! copyright cmassengale

20. 19copyright cmassengale

21. 20 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains copyright cmassengale

22. 21 ARCHAEA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants – Thermal or Volcanic Vents – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) copyright cmassengale

23. 22 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

24. 23 EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

25. 24 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

26. Kingdom Protist Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Bacteria

27. 2007-2008 Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria

28. Bacteria live EVERYWHERE! Bacteria live in all ecosystems on plants & animals in plants & animals in the soil in depths of the oceans in extreme cold in extreme hot in extreme salt on the living on the dead Microbes always find a way to make a living!

29. Bacteria Basic Info Unicellular Bacilli (Rod-shaped), cocci (Spherical), Spirilli (spiral) Size 1/10 size of eukaryote cell 1 micron (1um) Internal structure no internal compartments no membrane-bound organelles only ribosomes circular chromosome, naked DNA not wrapped around proteins Yes it has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan MOVEMENT – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods prokaryote cell eukaryote cell

30. Bacteria metabolism How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? photoautotrophs photosynthetic bacteria chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… heterotrophs live on plant & animal matter decomposers & pathogens

31. Bacteria as pathogens Disease-causing microbes plant diseases wilts, fruit rot, blights animal diseases tooth decay, ulcers anthrax, botulism plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia typhoid, cholera TB, pneumonia lyme disease

32. Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria decomposers recycling of nutrients from dead to living nitrogen fixation only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids plant root nodules digest cellulose (E. coli) digest cellulose for herbivores cellulase enzyme produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans produce foods & medicines from yogurt to insulin

33. 32 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals) I Amanda Sanchez Joyner love Mr. Carter! (: I Amanda Sanchez Joyner love Mr. Carter! (: copyright cmassengale

34. 33 Protista Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

35. 34 Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

36. 35 Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale

37. 36 Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

38. 37copyright cmassengale

39. 38 Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

40. 39copyright cmassengale

41. 40 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

42. 41 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

43. 42 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale

44. Modern Classification copyright cmassengale43 Phylogenetic Tree – A diagram that shows evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms.

45. Modern Classification copyright cmassengale44 Cladistics – Study of Evolutionary relationships among organisms. Cladogram – Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organims. Derived characters – Characteristics that appear in recent parts of lineage but not in its older members. Outgroup- organism that does not share any characteristics of the group

46. 45 Cladogram Diagram that shows evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

47. Cladogram Practice copyright cmassengale46

48. 47 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

49. 48 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

50. 49 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

51. 50copyright cmassengale