1. Aquatic Ecosystems Chapter 7

2. Aquatic Environments: Types and Characteristics Aquatic Life zones Aquatic Life zones Saltwater Saltwater Freshwater Freshwater

3. The Aquatic World

4. Don’t forget about Coral Reef and Mangrove Forest

5. Organisms in Aquatic Life Zones Phytoplankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Zooplankton Nekton Nekton Benthos Benthos Decomposers Decomposers

6. Factors that Limit Life with Water Depth Temperature Temperature Sunlight (photosynthesis in photic zone, euphotic zone) Sunlight (photosynthesis in photic zone, euphotic zone) Dissolved oxygen content Dissolved oxygen content Availability of nutrients ( limits net primary productivity) Availability of nutrients ( limits net primary productivity)

7. Saltwater Life Zones Open ocean Open ocean Coastal zone Coastal zone Estuaries Estuaries Coastal wetlands Coastal wetlands Mangrove swamps Mangrove swamps Intertidal zones (rocky shores and barrier beaches) Intertidal zones (rocky shores and barrier beaches) Coral reefs Coral reefs

8. Ocean hemisphereLand-ocean hemisphere The Blue (Ocean) Planet

9. Ocean provinces Ocean Provinces

10. Natural Capital Ecological Services Climate moderation CO 2 absorption Nutrient cycling Waste treatment and dilution Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species Genetic resources and biodiversity Scientific information Economic Services Food Animal and pet feed (fish meal) Pharmaceuticals Harbors and transportation routes Coastal habitats for humans Recreation Employment Offshore oil and natural gas Minerals Building materials Marine Ecosystems

11. Biological Zones in Open Sea Euphotic zone Euphotic zone Bathyal zone Bathyal zone Abyssal zone Abyssal zone

12. High tide Low tide Coastal Zone Estuarine Zone Continental shelf Open Sea Sea level Sun Euphotic Zone Bathyal Zone Abyssal Zone Photosynthesis Darkness Twilight Major Life Zones in the Ocean

13. Sediment Plume in an Estuary

14. Herring gulls Snowy egret Peregrine falcon Cordgrass Short-billed dowitcher Marsh periwinkle Bacteria Clamworm Soft-shelled clam Zooplankton and small crustaceans Phytoplankton Smelt Salt Marsh Ecosystem Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

15. Salt Marsh in Lake Titicaca, Peru

16. Rocky Shore Beach Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab Nudibranch Monterey flatworm KelpSea lettuce Barnacles Sea urchin Anemone Low tide Mussel Periwinkle High tide Sculpin Beach Organisms

17. Barrier beach Silversides Blue crab Low tide Dwarf olive Clam Beach flea Tiger beetle High tide Ghost shrimp Mole shrimp Sandpiper Peanut worm White sand macomaSand dollarMoon snail Beach Organisms

18. OceanBeach Intensive recreation, no building Primary Dune No direct passage or building Trough Limited recreation and walkways Secondary Dune No direct passage or building Bay or Lagoon Intensive recreation Back Dune Most suitable for development Grasses or shrubsTaller shrubs Taller shrubs and trees Bay shore No filling Primary and Secondary Beach Dunes

19. Gray reef shark Green sea turtle Sea nettle Fairy basslet Blue tangs Brittle star Banded coral shrimp Sergeant major Parrot fish Hard corals Algae Phytoplankton Symbiotic algae Zooplankton Sponges Bacteria Moray eel Blackcap basslet Coney Coral Reef Ecosystem Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

20. Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers Natural Capital Degradation Coral Reefs Major Threats to Coral Reefs

21. Marine Ecosystems Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed Natural Capital Degradation Human Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

22. Freshwater Life Zones Standing water (lakes) Standing water (lakes) Flowing water (streams) Flowing water (streams)

23. Freshwater Systems Ecological Services Economic Services Climate moderation Nutrient cycling Waste treatment and dilution Flood control Groundwater recharge Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species Genetic resources and biodiversity Scientific information Food Drinking water Irrigation water Hydroelectricity Transportation corridors Recreation Employment Natural Capital Major Services of Freshwater Systems

24. Life Zones in Lakes Littoral zone Littoral zone Limnetic zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Profundal zone Benthic zone Benthic zone

25. Sunlight Painted turtle Green frog Pond snail Blue-winged teal Muskrat Plankton Northern pike Bloodworms Yellow perch Diving beetle Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone Zones in a Temperate Lake

26. Lake zonation interaction Animation

27. Lake turnover interaction Animation

28. Trophic nature of lakes interaction Animation

29. Freshwater Streams and Rivers Surface water Surface water Runoff Runoff Watershed or drainage basin Watershed or drainage basin Source, transition, and floodplain zones Source, transition, and floodplain zones

30. Fig. 5-36, p. 106 Rain and snow Water Sediment LakeGlacierRapids Waterfall Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Ocean Deposited sediment Source Zone Transition Zone Floodplain Zone Stream Zones

31. Freshwater Inland Wetlands Importance of wetlands Importance of wetlands Types of wetlands Types of wetlands MarshesMarshes SwampsSwamps Prairie potholesPrairie potholes FloodplainsFloodplains Arctic tundraArctic tundra Seasonal wetlandsSeasonal wetlands

32. Human Impacts on Freshwater Systems Dams, diversions and canals Dams, diversions and canals Flood control levees and dikes Flood control levees and dikes Pollutants from cities and farmlands Pollutants from cities and farmlands Wetland destruction Wetland destruction

33. Animation El Niño Southern Oscillation interaction.