1. n Chapter 20~ DNA Technology & Genomics

2. O.J. Simpson capital murder case,1/95-9/95 Odds of blood in Ford Bronco not being R. Goldman’s: 6.5 billion to 1 Odds of blood on socks in bedroom not being N. Brown-Simpson’s: 8.5 billion to 1 Odds of blood on glove not being from R. Goldman, N. Brown-Simpson, and O.J. Simpson: 21.5 billion to 1 Number of people on planet earth: 6.1 billion Odds of being struck by lightning in the U.S.: 2.8 million to 1 Odds of winning the Virginia Big Game lottery: 76 million to 1 Odds of getting killed driving to the gas station to buy a lottery ticket 4.5 million to 1 Odds of seeing 3 albino deer at the same time: 85 million to 1 Odds of having quintuplets: 85 million to 1 Odds of being struck by a meteorite: 10 trillion to 1

3. Recombinant DNA n Def: DNA in which genes from 2 different sources are linked n Genetic engineering: direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

4. Gene Transfer n Taking a gene out of one organism and placing it in another organism. –Ex. Tomatoes and Bt corn

5. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) n Amplification of any piece of DNA without cells n Can obtain millions of copies of DNA in a few hours.

6. DNA Analysis n Gel electrophoresis: separates nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size or electrical charge creating DNA bands of the same length

7. DNA Profiling n Process of matching an unknown sample of DNA with a known sample to see if they correspond. n Uses: –Paternity suits –Forensics –Studying ecosystems (to clarify which individual are related)

8. DNA Sequencing n Determination of nucleotide sequences n Genomics: the study of genomes based on DNA sequences n Human Genome Project

9. DNA Cloning n Restriction enzymes (endonucleases): in nature, these enzymes protect bacteria from intruding DNA; they cut up the DNA (restriction); very specific n Restriction site: recognition sequence for a particular restriction enzyme n Restriction fragments: segments of DNA cut by restriction enzymes in a reproducable way n Sticky end: short extensions of restriction fragments n DNA ligase: enzyme that can join the sticky ends of DNA fragments

10. Bacterial plasmids in gene cloning

11. Practical DNA Technology Uses n Diagnosis of disease n Human gene therapy Human gene therapy Human gene therapy n Pharmaceutical products (vaccines) n Forensics n Animal husbandry (transgenic organisms) n Genetic engineering in plants n Ethical concerns? Ethical concerns Ethical concerns

12. Genetic engineering..good or bad? Pros n Crops can improve food production n Can produce their own pest- control substances, thus fewer pesticides n GMOs can produce rare proteins for medicines and vaccines n More in control of what they produce n Multinational companies claim can reduce hunger by producing plant which require less water Cons n No one knows the long-term effects of GMOs…pollen has escaped and affected wild species n Genes could cross species. It has been proven possible in labs. n Bt-crops could be harmful to humans n Allergy risks n Large portions of food supply will be property of small number of corporations. n Could lead to decrease in biodiversity

13. Cloning Using differentiated cell n Dolly –1. somatic cell from udder collected –2. unfert. Egg from another sheep and its nucleus was removed –3. zap of electrical current fused egg cell and nucleus –4. new cell dev. In vitro –5. embryo placed in womb of surrogate mother Using undifferentiated cell n Called therapeutic cloning –Aim is to develop cells which have not yet gone through process of differentiation. –Uses embryonic stem cells