1. Chapter 6 in the Textbook
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
Chapter 6 in the Textbook

2. History of the Cell Janet Plowe, 1931 Rudolph Virchow, 1855
Theodor Schwann,
1839
Matthias Schleiden, 1838
See pages Janet Plowe demonstrated how the cell membrane works. Janet is on here because she’s a woman and recent! Not for testing.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674
Robert Hooke, 1665

3. Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect
Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect.... (July 18, March 3, 1703)
In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right).
He was the first person to use the term “cells”.
1665 – Robert Hooke publishes his book which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes. Coined the term “cells”.

4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms.
He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa.
1673 – Anton van Leeuwenhook – perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms. Four years later, he discovers protozoa.

5. Cell Theory Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden
all plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann
all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
all cells came from pre-existing cells
Cell Theory

6. Cell Theory Cell Theory all living things are made up of cells
Matthias Schleiden
concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838)
Theodore Schwann
concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839)
Rudolf Virchow
concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells (1855)
Cell Theory
all living things are made up of cells
cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
new cells are produced from existing cells

7. Cell Specialization
Cells in organisms are specialized to perform different tasks.
Photos from Biology, Prentice Hall
Red Blood Cells
Levels of Organization: how organisms are arranged from simple to complex
Muscle Cells
Stomata

8. The Levels of Organization
Multicellular organisms are arranged from simple to complex according to their level of cellular grouping.
Levels of Organization: how organisms are arranged from simple to complex
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

9. Levels of Organization
What is the benefit of being made of all of these cells?
Level
Function
Example
Organ system
Different organs function together
Nervous System
Organ
Different tissues function together
Brain
Tissues
Similar cells function together
Nervous Tissue
Cells
Cells can perform special jobs
Neuron

10. Cell Types PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE No nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Small ribosomes
Binary fission
Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
Found only in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms
EUKARYOTE
Has nucleus
Many organelles
Larger ribosomes
Mitosis
Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

11. Cell Type: Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes, which includes all bacteria, are the simplest cellular organisms. They have genetic material but no nucleus.
Bacteria cells
Typical bacteria cell

12. Cell Types: Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and numerous membrane -enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes.

13. Different Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
no nucleus
no nucleus
nucleus
nucleus
small ribosomes
larger ribosomes
small ribosomes
larger ribosomes
no organelles
no organelles
organelles
organelles
very small
very small
small
Small
only in bacteria
protists, fungi, plants, animals
protists, fungi, plants, animals
only in bacteria

14. What Are the Parts of Cells
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some things in common.
All cells have
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
nuclear material
nuclear material
cell membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm

15. vacuole: sac-like structure that stores water, salts, foods, etc
chloroplast: capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (food), (photosynthesis occurs here)
nucleus: controls most cell processes, contains hereditary information (DNA)
ribosomes: manufacture proteins
mitochondria: convert chemical energy stored in food into ATP (cellular respiration occurs here)
cell wall: outer layer in plant cells, support and protection
cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell, protection and support
cytoplasm: semi-liquid material that fills the cell
Parts of Cells
cytoplasm
nucleus
chloroplast
vacuole
Introduction to cell parts. Functions will be covered with the appropriate process.
ribosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
cell wall

16. The Cell cytoplasm nucleus chloroplast vacuole ribosomes mitochondria
Introduction to cell parts. Functions will be covered with the appropriate process.
ribosomes
mitochondria
cell membrane
cell wall

17. Cell Organelles Animal Plant Cell Membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Golgi Body
Ribosome
Cell Wall
Animal
Plant

18. Cell SIze

19. Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding membrane
Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles – structures for cell function
Control center with DNA

20. Prokaryotic Cells First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea (Similar in looks, but they live in extreme environments.
Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet. Some live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live in hot springs (such as the ones pictured above), or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found thriving inside the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. They live in the anoxic muds of marshes and at the bottom of the ocean, and even thrive in petroleum deposits deep underground.