1. Oracle 10g Administration Database Architecture, Creation and Interfaces Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute.

2. Oracle's Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) OFA is a set of guidelines and recommendations for an Oracle installation. Based on years of UNIX experience Created by Oracle Consulting Most of the guidelines involve making directories and placing files appropriately. Obvious when explained Anarchy reigned before their publication

3. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Why Use Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) The database's objects are separated by object type and activity type. OFA helps in organizing large amounts of information. The amount of administration, monitoring and tuning, after initial setup, is minimized. The DBA has maximum flexibility in planning the physical layout of the database.

4. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Problem: Where can new releases be installed? Solution: Use a location with a unique directory name. This provides an easy method to distinguish old files from new files. Uniform naming also simplifies the creation and reuse of scripts. OFA: Installing New Releases

5. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. OFA Paths Path: $ORACLE_BASE/product/TYPE_COUNT ER Example: /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/ db_1 $ORACLE_BASE is /u01/app/oracle TYPE is db (for database) COUNTER is 1

6. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. OFA: Installing Scripts Problem: How can you create scripts that will not break with new releases? Solution: Use variables and wildcards. The instance "demo" might have administrative files: $ORACLE_BASE/admin/demo/pfile/* $ORACLE_BASE/admin/demo/create/* You can create a script using a variable for the SID (demo) that will work on any machine with any Oracle release.

7. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. OFA: Data File Placement Problem: Where should new data files be placed? Make the following considerations: Drives must be maintained. Scripts must be modified to find the data files. Backups must be executed. Solution: Use a uniform directory name at a uniform depth such as: \oradata\sid\system01.dbf. Create a script that references your data files using variables and wildcards.

8. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Characteristics of an OFA-Compliant Installation Distributed, tuned I/O loads Safeguards against drive failures Distribution of Home directories Consistent database file naming Separation of tablespace contents

9. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Separating Segments Special tablespaces: SYSAUX, SYSTEM, TEMP, UNDOTS required EXAMPLE and USERS tablespaces are optional

10. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Occupants of the SYSAUX Tablespace Enterprise Manager Repository LogMiner Oracle Data Mining Statspack Job Scheduler Workspace Manager

11. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. ORACLE_HOME All files that relate to an Oracle release are stored in the ORACLE_HOME directory. You must monitor and record patch releases manually. Oracle10g allows you to define multiple ORACLE_HOMEs.

12. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Syntax for Naming Oracle Home Directories /pm/h/u/v/type_n: /pm -- standard mount point h -- standard directory name u -- name of owner of directory v -- version of software type -- of installation n -- counter variable

13. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Sample Syntax for Naming Oracle Home Directories /u01/app/oracle Oracle base directory created by user oracle /u01/app/applmgr Oracle base directory created by user applmgr

14. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Sample OFA Directory Path /u01/app/oracle/10.1.0/db_1 First installation of the Oracle 10.1.0 database software performed by user oracle /u01/app/jdoe/10.1.0/client_2 Second installation of the Oracle 10.1.0 client software performed by user jdoe

15. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Syntax for Naming Oracle Database Files under OFA Controlfiles: / /oradata/ /control##.ctl Redo log files: / /oradata/ /redo##.log Data files: / /oradata/ / ##.dbf

16. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Sample OFA Data File Names Controlfile: /u01/oradata/ORCL/control01.ctl Redo log file: /u01/oradata/ORCL/redo03.log Data file: /u01/oradata/ORCL/system02.dbf

17. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Naming Tablespaces under OFA Use maximum of eight characters for tablespace name. Effect on names of associated data files: Must be able to add two-digit counter and the four characters ". dbf " to end of file name Portable UNIX filenames are limited to 14 characters, so ((14 - 2 ) - 4 ) = 8: ENDUSERS01.DBF NAMERICA04.DBF ACCNTG11.DBF

18. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. OFA Layout Tips Group tables based on the following considerations and place them appropriately in different tablespaces. Fragmentation: Group tables with similar propensity to fragment. This helps in storage management. Life span: Dropping tables causes fragmentation. Group tables by their life span.

19. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Contention: Two segments can be hot at the same time. Place them on different I/O controllers. Avoid placing them in the same tablespace. Operational ease: Group tables by the frequency of their backups or type of use. More OFA Layout Tips

20. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Further Reading on OFA Consult the Oracle online documentation: http://download-west.oracle.com/ docs/html/B10811_01/app_ofa.htm

21. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Automatic Storage Management High-performance storage management feature. Special Oracle instance (ASM Instance) spreads data across devices in "disk groups." Data may be two-way mirrored or three- way mirrored. Instance balances data to eliminate most manual disk tuning issues.

22. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. ASM Disk Space Requirements External redundancy: One disk Minimum 1.15 GB for data files Minimum 2.30 GB for recovery files Minimum 3.45 GB for data and recovery files

23. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. ASM Disk Space Requirements Normal redundancy: Two disks Minimum 2.30 GB for data files Minimum 4.60 GB for recovery files Minimum 6.90 GB for data and recovery files

24. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. ASM Disk Space Requirements High redundancy: Three disks Minimum 3.45 GB for data files Minimum 6.90 GB for recovery files Minimum 10.35 GB for data and recovery files

25. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Verifying ASM File system: more /etc/oratab more /var/opt/etc/oratab Look for line of the form +ASM:oracle_home_path:N Set ORACLE_HOME and ORACLE_SID. Connect to ASM instance as SYS user with SYSDBA privilege. Start instance, if needed.

26. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Verifying ASM Connect: sqlplus "SYS/syspassword AS SYSDBA" Start ASM instance, if needed. startup Verify: select name, type, total_mb, free_mb from v$asm_diskgroup

27. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Database Architecture Physical Files: Data files Control files Redo log files Logical Architecture: Tablespaces Extents Segments Blocks

28. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Tablespace Types Smallfile tablespace (default): Up to 1022 files in a tablespace Up to 4 million blocks in each file Bigfile tablespace: One file per tablespace Up to 4 billion blocks in the file

29. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Instance Architecture Dedicated server vs. Shared server ASM instances vs. "regular instances"

30. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Dedicated Server Architecture One-to-one mapping between end user processes and server processes. Server process goes idle in between handling end user requests.

31. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Dedicated Server Architecture

32. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Dedicated Server Architecture More information is available online at

33. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Shared Server Architecture Requests come in from many users. Dispatcher directs requests to 'pool' of shared server processes. Once request is handled, process returns to pool. More efficient use of resources. More simultaneous users.

34. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Shared Server Architecture

35. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Shared Server Architecture More information is available in the online documentation at

36. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Oracle Database Interfaces SQL Interface Java Interface C++ Interface PL/SQL Interface

37. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. SQL Interface Ultimate final gateway into an Oracle database. Uses built-in security checks to protect data.

38. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Java Interface Direct interaction with Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Ability to call Java stored procedures from PL/SQL, and vice versa. Ability to access SQL data directly from Java.

39. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Java Component Structure

40. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. C++ Interface Oracle Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Embeds SQL statements in C/C++ application code Precompiler generates calls to Oracle Runtime Library (SQLLIB) Compile, link and execute C/C++ program using usual techniques

41. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Conceptual Use of the Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute.

42. PL/SQL Interface Embed PL/SQL calls in Pro*C/C++ code: EXEC SQL EXECUTE DECLARE … BEGIN … END; END-EXEC;

43. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Precompiler Options SQLCHECK=SEMANTICS PL/SQL code needs to be parsed at the server USERID Specify user ID (for server connection) Additional precompiler options available at

44. Copyright ©2006, Custom Training Institute. Summary Oracle Database Architecture Oracle Database Creation and Layout Oracle Database Interfaces