1. Classification Notes

2. Classification Putting organisms into groups based on their similarities How? – Using comparative anatomy. When comparing the anatomies of different organisms, researchers look at 1) Homologous structures 2) Analogous structures 3) Vestigial structures/organs

3. Review of Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures = common ancestor; different environments + functions Analogous structures = different ancestors; same environments + functions Vestigial structures = organs that were useful in an ancestor, but are no longer useful

4. Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy First scientist to use modern system of taxonomy = Carolus Linnaeus He is called the Father of Modern Taxonomy So ATTRACTIVE!

5. Linnaeus’s System Linnaeus developed a naming system using the following: 1) levels of relatedness 2) Based groupings on morphological (STRUCTURAL) differences of organisms 3) Divided organisms into two groups: Animalia and Plantae

6. Modern Classification Today, scientists use Linnaeus’s system – the binomial system of nomenclature. This system gives each organism 2 names (bi = two ; nom = name) These names include the genus and the species

7. Binomial Nomenclature When writing the scientific name of an organism, both words must be underlined or italicized. The genus is always capitalized, and the species always begins with a lower case letter. Homo sapiens = human beings Felis domesticus = domestic cat

8. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific names may describe the organism (Ex: Chaos chaos) They may also honor a person or suggest the habitat of the organism ((Linnaea borealis)

9. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific names are always written in Latin so that they have the same name everywhere! Can abbreviate the genus with one letter (ex: H. sapiens) Genus = a group of similar species How did we define a species in our evolution notes?

10. Linnaeus’s Levels The hierarchy which is used today consists of SEVEN groups. The largest group is the kingdom, and the smallest group is the species

11. Linnaeus’s Levels Another way of looking at the levels Memory Trick: King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

12. Linnaeus’s Levels: The Domestic Dog

13. Linnaeus’s Levels: Comparing Three Organisms BobcatLionHuman KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderCarnivora Primata FamilyFelidae Hominidae GenusLynxPantheraHomo SpeciesLynx rufusPanthera leoHomo sapien

14. Additions to Linnaeus’s System Varieties (plants) and subspecies (animals) Example: Terrapene carolina triungui Today, modern taxonomists also consider the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of the organism

15. The Six Kingdoms Used to be FIVE kingdoms…the two bacteria types were combined under one kingdom (Monera)

16. Kingdom Archaebacteria # of Cells: Unicellular Cell Type: Prokaryotic Nutrition: Autotrophs OR Heterotrophs Examples: Live in very extreme environments 1) Thermophiles (heat- loving) 2) Halophiles (salt- loving) 3) Acidophiles (acid- loving)

17. Kingdom Eubacteria # of Cells: Unicellular Cell Type: Prokaryotic Nutrition: Autotrophs OR Heterotrophs Examples: “true bacteria”; most bacteria we know of…live in oxygen- rich environments 1) Streptococcus 2) Staphylococcus 3) E. coli

18. Kingdom Protista # of Cells: Unicellular (some multicellular!) Cell Type: Eukaryotic Nutrition: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Examples: 1) Amoeba 2) Paramecium 3) Kelp

19. Kingdom Fungi # of Cells: Multicellular (some unicellular) Cell Type: Eukaryotic Nutrition: Heterotrophs (absorb nutrients) Examples: 1) Mushrooms 2) Puffballs 3) Rusts 4) Mildews 5) Molds 6) Yeasts (unicellular)

20. Kingdom Plantae # of Cells: Multicellular Cell Type: Eukaryotic Nutrition: Autotrophs (Photosynthesis) Examples: 1) mosses 2) evergreens 3) flowering plants (ex: daisies) So are carnivorous plants like the venus fly trap autotrophs?

21. Kingdom Animalia # of Cells: Multicellular Cell Type: Eukaryotic Nutrition: Heterotrophs (ingestion) Examples: 1) Jellyfish 2) Insects 3) Amphibians 4) Sponges

22. 3 Domain System Carl Woese: compared sequences of ribosomal RNA  3 broad domains 1) Domain Archaea (Kingdom Archaebacteria) 2) Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria) 3) Domain Eukarya (Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia)