1. Parts of Speech Grade 12

2. Nouns Nouns are words that name persons, places, things, or ideas. – PERSONS: cousins, coach, teacher – PLACES: school, Phoenix, Lincoln Memorial – THINGS: calculator, speech, tissue, microwave – IDEAS: ambivalence, joy, legality, gladness,

3. Nouns ABSTRACT – Names of ideas Fear, cleverness, misery, civilization, honor CONCRETE – Names of persons places or things Trumpet, street, tortilla, Golden State Bridge

4. Nouns Common: – are general, not particular, do not capitalize – city, turnpike, attorney, war, scavenger Proper: – Particular/specific persons, places, or things; always capitalize – Sioux City, New Jersey Turnpike, Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts, the Civil War

5. Nouns Collective: – Name a group of people, animals or things Ex. Squad, class, flock, club, association

6. Nouns Compound Nouns: – Consists of two or more words-- sometimes hyphenated, sometimes written as one word, and sometimes written as two words. Ex. Great-aunt, one- fourth, horseradish, postal worker, junior high school

7. Nouns Noun Phrase: – A noun and its modifiers Noun: girl, children, tulip, chocolate Noun Phrase: the young girl, several children, the yellow tulip, sweet as chocolate

8. Pronouns Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun or another pronoun. – Most but not all pronouns refer to something previously mentioned. The word or group of words to which the pronoun refers is called its Antecedent. In the following sentences, arrows point to the antecedents of the pronoun. – Inez and her friend are newspaper staff members. They go to an editorial meeting each Tuesday. It is held in Mr. Chen’s office.

9. Pronouns Personal and Possessive Imemymine Weusourours youyouyouryours sheherherhers hehimhishis itititsits theythemtheirtheirs She was the first to arrive because her train was early.

10. Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns: express an amount or refer to an unspecified person or thing. Some are: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, others, several, some, somebody, someone Many came despite the rain, and few were disappointed.

11. Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns point to specific people or things. thisthatthesethose This is the reserved section; those seats over there are available.

12. Pronouns Relative Pronouns introduce some subordinate clauses. whowhoeverwhom whomeverwhichthatwhose Suki, who lives farthest from the school, has never been absent.

13. Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions. Who?Whom?Whose? What?Which?How? To whom are you speaking? What did you say?

14. Pronouns Reflexive pronouns refer to an earlier noun or pronoun. Intensive pronouns add emphasis. Myselfyourselfhimself herselfItselfourselves yourselvesthemselves I love myself. (reflexive) The principal himself taught the class. (intensive)

15. Pronouns Reciprocal pronouns express mutual action or relation. – Teammates rely on one another for support during a game.

16. Verbs Verbs help to make statements. You can’t make a sentence without one. – Verbs are words that express an action or a state of being. Every sentence has at least one action verb or one linking verb. – Some action verbs communicate an observable action; for example, they describe what people do—glide, laugh, applaud. But other action verbs tell us what people feel—appreciate, love, dread. Frank Lloyd Wright designed and built homes and other structures. His clients admired his style.

17. Verbs Linking Verbs do what their name says: They link the subject of a sentence with a word that tells more about it. The surgeon appeared confident. The surgeon is an innovator. Some words that can be action verbs in one context can be linking verbs in another context. If a form of be can substitute for the verb, then the verb is functioning as a linking verb. Action verb: The performer looked nervously at the audience. Linking verb: The performer looked nervous.

18. Verbs Verb phrase is a verb form preceded by one or more helping (or auxiliary) verbs. Not (n’t in a contraction) is never part of the verb phrase. Hasn’t anyone here seen the remote? I have been looking for it for half an hour. Generally, the more vivid a verb, the better. Bland: John is on his way to work. Vivid: John is dashing to work.

19. Verbs Linking Verbs: Forms of Be: amis was were arebe beingcan be is beingwill becould beshould be would becould have been might have been Some Other Linking Verbs: appearseembecome smellfeelsound growstaylook tasteremainturn Some Helping Verbs: be (is, am, are, was, were, been) have (has, had) do (does, did) canmaycouldmustmight shallwillwouldshould

20. Adjectives Adjectives can make nouns and pronouns come into focus. Adjectives are modifiers. They give information about the nouns and pronouns they modify. What Kind?red flower, straight road, surprise visit How Many?four days, few entries How Much?more space, some effort Which One?third response, that shirt, worst joke, last month

21. Adjectives A and An are adjectives but are also called indefinite articles. They refer to any one member of a group and so are indefinite. Similarly, The is an adjective but is also called the definite article. It point out a particular noun. Proper Adjectives derive from proper nouns and always begin with a capital letter. Japanese foodConfederate troops

22. Adjectives Adjectives can also follow a linking verb to modify the subject of a sentence; in this position, the modifier is called a Predicate Adjective. The smoked salmon tastes salty. The manager is stern but fair.

23. Adverbs Adverbs modify, or tell more about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by answering when, where, and how questions. Intensifiers are adverbs that answer the question to what extent or how much? When?Today, we began rehearsals for the play. Where?They walked here from the station. How?The actor spoke clearly and loudly. To What Extent?We thoroughly enjoyed the performance.

24. Adverbs Many adverbs, sometimes called adverbs of manner, end with the suffix –ly. However, many frequently used adverbs do not end in –ly. Adverbs can modify prepositions and prepositional phrases. They arrived just after dinner. Her hand reached almost to the top. Adverbs can also modify subordinate clauses and complete sentences. I’ll play the tape again only if you want me to. Surely he didn’t mean to put the car in reverse. Many negatives—for example, not, n’t, barely, and never— are adverbs; they can interrupt part of the verb phrase. He should not have moved backward.

25. Adverbs Some Common Adverbs That Do Not End In –ly: aboutjusttodayalmost latetomorrowalreadymore tooalsoneverwell alwaysseldomwhyaround stillyesterdayfastthen yetherethere Some Common Intensifiers: exceptionallymostreally somewhatextraordinarilynearly hardly only so least quite truly lessrathervery

26. Prepositions Prepositions link key words in you sentence and never stand alone. They connect a noun or pronoun (and its modifiers) to another word in the sentence to form a prepositional phrase. About above acrossafter Againstalongaroundat Beforebelowbesidebetween Beyondbut(except)bydown Duringexcept forfrom Ininsideintolike Nearofonout Outsideoverpastsince Throughthroughouttotoward Underunderneathuntilup Uponwithinwithwithout The crowd stood along the aisles.

27. Prepositions Compound prepositions contain several words. According toin addition toalong with In front ofapart fromin place of Aside fromin spite ofas to Instead ofbecause ofnext to Behindon behalf ofdue to Out ofin the middle of In spite of the snowstorm, we drove to the movies.

28. Conjunctions Conjunctions join words or groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions join words or groups of words that are equal in importance. Andbutor norsoyet I like the taste of asparagus and broccoli. I enjoy cauliflower but not spinach. In a choice between carrots or beets, I’d pick beets.

29. Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions function in the same way as coordinating conjunctions, but they always appear as pairs. But…andnot…butEither…ornot only…but alsoJust as…sowhether…or Niether…nor Either a National League team or an American League team will win the World Series.

30. Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect adverb clauses to main clauses. Afterin order thatalthough Provided thatas far assince As long asas soon as so that Unlessas thoughuntil Becausewhenbefore Whereforwhereas Ifwhile The parade took place, although it rained the whole time. Because I had an umbrella, the wet weather didn’t bother me.

31. Interjections Interjections express mild or strong emotions. – They have no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. They are set off by a comma or by an exclamation point. ahaouchwowheyyo ughohnahwell – Ouch! That hurt! – They have three pets: a dog, a parrot, and ugh!, an iguana!