1. Booker T. Washington By: Alec Hanss

2. Background Booker Taliaferro Washington Born April 5, 1856 in Virginia White unknown father and slave mother Worked as a slave on a small farm until emancipation (1865)

3. Background: Education Post emancipation, Washington worked in salt furnaces and coal mines of West Virginia Attended Hampton Institute as secondary education Graduated from Wayland Seminary

4. Background: Work Washington worked at Hampton Institute after his graduation in 1875 Founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama in 1881 Focused life work on African American education and socioeconomic progress

5. Writing Career The Story of My Life and Work (1900) was Washington’s first autobiography Up From Slavery (1901) was a renewed life story, published in Outlook

6. The Atlanta Exposition Address Washington gave an address in 1895 in Atlanta, Georgia Widely praised and recognized Major facet of Up From Slavery

7. Up From Slavery Chapter XIV: The Atlanta Exposition Address The Norton Anthology of African American Literature (Third Edition) Promotion of the New South “Ignorant and inexperienced, it is not strange that in the first years of our new life we began at the top instead of the bottom; that a seat in Congress or the state legislature was more sought than real estate or industrial skill” (572)

8. Addressed the African Americans and the Southern Whites separately towards the same cause African Americans: partake in agriculture, commerce, mechanics, other industrial professions because they must begin at the bottom rather than the top. “Nor should we [African Americans] allow our grievances to overshadow our opportunities” (573). Whites: help and encourage the near 8 million southern black individuals with education and see the future flourish in mutual progress Cooperation leads to advancement, Opposition leads to depression Should this be followed, Washington claimed it would “bring into our beloved south a new heaven and a new earth” (575).

9. Became close with President Grover Cleveland and calimed, “I do not believe that he is conscious of possessing any color prejudice” (576) Initial enthusiasm from address began to die away Criticized the black ministry, which resulted in heavy backlash initially, but ultimately lead to a drastic improvement, working as evidence as the progress of the race Dr. Gilman invited Washington to be one of the Judges of Award in the Department of Education at Atlanta, which allowed Washington to not only oversee colored schools, but white schools as well

10. Chapter closes with free expression of personal belief “the time will come when the Negro in the South will be accorded all the political rights which his ability, character, and material possessions entitle him to” (578). Washington believed that African Americans should take influence of intelligent neighbors with regards to voting Washington was NOT against literacy testing or property requirements for voting, so long as it was applied equal to both races

11. Literary Techniques Heavy use of repetition and pathetic appeal (both white and black audiences) Reliance on anecdotes/allusion Matter-of-fact tone Relinquishes personal emotion (Objective)

12. Themes Conformity Rugged Individualism Opportunity Slow Progression Mutualism

13. Washington’s Legacy Most influential African American political figure of the Post-Antebellum period Continued educational influence Criticism

14. References/Works Cited Gates, Henry Louis, and Valerie A. Smith. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Vol. 1. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2014. Print. Harlan, Louis R. "Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915." Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915. University of North Carolina Press. Web. 25 May 2014. Wormser, Richard. "Booker T. Washington." PBS. PBS, 2002. Web. 26 May 2014.