1. 1 Motivation and Emotion Chapter 10 Fixed Action Patterns? – look up

2. Table of Contents 2 I.Motivational Theories and Concepts A. Motive – a reason or purpose for behaving, lead to goal-directed behavior (*influenced by needs, wants, desires) –Sources (factors) of Motivation Biological Cognitive Social Emotional

3. Table of Contents 3 STOP and THINK!!! Instincts – automated, involuntary and unlearned behavior patters (a.k.a fixed action patterns – Konrad Lorenz) that are consistently released in response to certain stimuli Do instincts provide motivation? Instincts may provide a “biological preparedness”, but many cannot accommodate for learning Modal Action patterns – biological behavior patters that occur among most members of the species Vacuum behavior – when an instinctive behavior occurs in absence of appropriate cues

4. Table of Contents 4 Overview con’t B. Theory Classifications –Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Hunger Hull’s drive reduction theory Cognitive consistency theory –Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Affiliation Achievement Aggression –Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success sociobiology

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6. 6 II. Motivational Theories A. Hunger and Eating 1. Biological Factors Brain regulation –Lateral hypothalamus – hunger center –Ventromedial hypothalamus – satiety center Research indicated that this was an oversimplified picture, the LH and VMH are part of the hunger circuit, they are not the key elements. –Paraventricular nucleus – modulates hunger, can be influenced by neurotransmitters Ex: norepinephrine, GABA and neuropeptide Y increase carbohydrate consumption….serotonin inhibits it

7. Table of Contents 7 Biological Factors con’t Glucose and digestive regulation –Glucostatic theory - proposed that fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored in the brain by glucostats – neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid Hormonal regulation –Insulin - i ncreases in insulin increase hunger –Leptin – believed to signal the hypothalamus about fat stores in the body, causing decreases in hunger when fat stores are high.

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9. 9 2. Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits –Exposure –When, as well as what Food-related cues –Short-term cues – stimuli such as color and taste which may determine meal size or frequency –Long-term cues - cues such as body fat which regulate overall body weight Set point Stress –Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

10. Table of Contents 10 3. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations – food is abundant, and we have abandoned survival eating for pleasure eating Genetic predisposition –Accounts for more than 61% of BMI (men), 73% (women) –Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point –natural point of stability in body weight Dietary restraint

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12. Table of Contents 12 B. Affiliation Affiliation motive = need for social bonds –People high in affiliation motive: Devote more time to interpersonal activities Worry more about acceptance –Evolutionary view states affiliations helps foster survival and reproductive benefits (Baumeister and Leary)

13. Table of Contents 13 C. Achievement Motivation Achievement motive = need to master challenges, outperform others and meet high standards –Can be measured w/ the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) –High achievers: Work harder and more persistently Delay gratification Pursue competitive careers In laboratory studies, will pick an intermediate task over a difficult or easy one –Influential Situational factors: 1. motivation to achieve (stable characteristic) 2. probability of success ( situational) 3. incentive value of success (situational) –intrinsic and extrinsic rewards

14. Table of Contents 14 D. Aggression The act of delivering an aversive stimulus to an unwilling victim Types: –Hostile aggression results from frustration or discomfort, but is not necessary intended to produce benefits for the aggressor –Instrumental aggression Aggression with the intent of gaining something Influential factors –Neural activity in the amygdala and hypothalamus –Crowding –Media violence and/or violent role models –Lack of empathy

15. Table of Contents 15 E. Sexual Motivation and Behavior 1. Determining Desire Hormonal regulation –Estrogens – female gonadal hormone –Androgens – male gonadal hormone Testosterone – key male androgen Pheromones - chemical secreted by one animal that affects the behavior of another –Inconclusive link to sexual drive, but linked to synchronized menstrual cycles Evolutionary factors - behavior is theorized to hinge on “parental investment”, with females being more discriminating. Gender differences in potential partners: males emphasize youthfulness and attractiveness females emphasize status and financial prospects

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20. Table of Contents 20 "Clip art licensed from the Clip Art Gallery on DiscoverySchool.com" http://school.discovery.com/clipart/copyright.html I’m “Space Saver Guy”!

21. Table of Contents 21 "Clip art licensed from the Clip Art Gallery on DiscoverySchool.com" http://school.discovery.com/clipart/copyright.html I’m “Space Saver Guy”!

22. Table of Contents 22 "Clip art licensed from the Clip Art Gallery on DiscoverySchool.com" http://school.discovery.com/clipart/copyright.html I’m “Space Saver Guy”!

23. Table of Contents 23 "Clip art licensed from the Clip Art Gallery on DiscoverySchool.com" http://school.discovery.com/clipart/copyright.html I’m “Space Saver Guy”!

24. Table of Contents 24 F. Motives in Conflict Approach–approach conflict –Conflict involving two equally attractive goals –Ex: two equally attractive dates! Approach-avoidance conflict –Conflict in which person is attracted and repelled by a single event –Ex: cute, but really dumb date! Avoidance-avoidance –Conflict in which the person is caught between to equally unattractive alternatives –Ex: two dates, both ugly! Multiple approach-avoidance –Conflict resulting from having to chose from two or more events with equally attractive and unattractive features –Ex: cute, boring date OR an ugly, super fun date!

25. Table of Contents 25 III. Emotion Motivation and emotion are intertwined!!! (Motivation can cause emotion, emotion can provide motivation) EX: you’re motivated to get a good grade and it causes anxiety! EX: you’re mad your friend cheated on the test, and you’re motivated to tell your teacher!

26. Table of Contents 26 A.The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component –Subjective conscious experience –Positive psychology Physiological component –Bodily (autonomic) arousal Behavioral component –Characteristic overt expressions

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29. Table of Contents 29 B. Theories of Emotion James-Lange –Emotion originates from interpretation of our physical changes –Ex: Big guy with the knife = “My pulse is racing, therfore I must be afraid.” Cannon-Bard –Disagreed with James-Lange because… We can have physical changes w/out emotion (ex: exercising) Visceral changes are slower than cognitive interpretation Many emotions have similar autonomic arousal patterns –Theory states - Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system –Ex: Big guy with knife = “My pulse races AND I feel afraid at the same time”

30. Table of Contents 30 Theories of Emotion con’t Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory –States emotion depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation or external cues –Ex: Big guy w/ knife = “My heart is racing, I know big guy is dangerous, therefore I feel afraid.” Evolutionary Theories –Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation –state we have innate emotions, but disagree over which are the fundamental emotions (transparency) –Leading researchers: Tomkins, Izard, Plutchik

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33. Table of Contents 33 C. Happiness Common sense notions incorrect –Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated –Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated –Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated Subjective rather than objective reality important