1. 3 types of Learning 1. Classical 2. Operant 3. Social This Is our second type of Learning

2. Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior The frequency will increase if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject. The frequency will decrease if the consequence is not reinforcing to the subject.

3. Operant Conditioning

7. Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) Law of effect - the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently. Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently. Created puzzle boxes for research on cats

8. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world Designed the Skinner Box, or operant chamber

9. Skinner Box

10. Reinforcement/Punishment Reinforcement - Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior The subject determines if a consequence is reinforcing or punishing

11. Positive Reinforcement anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state - receives something they want -strengthens the behavior

12. Positive Reinforcement

13. Negative Reinforcement anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state Something the subject doesn’t like is removed Will strengthen the behavior

14. Negative Reinforcement

15. Positive/Negative Reinforcement

16. Immediate/Delayed Reinforcement Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement Ability to delay gratification predicts higher achievement

17. Primary Reinforcement Something that is naturally reinforcing Examples: food, warmth, water, etc. The item is reinforcing in and of itself

19. Secondary Reinforcement Something that you have learned to value Money is a good example

21. Types of Punishment An undesirable event following a behavior A desirable state or event ends following a behavior

23. Negative Effects of Punishment Doesn’t prevent the undesirable behavior when away from the punisher Can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower self- esteem Children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression as a means to solve problems.

24. Positive Effects of Punishment Punishment can effectively control certain behaviors. Especially useful if teaching a child not to do a dangerous behavior Most still suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior rather than using punishment

25. Shaping Reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one The operant technique used to establish a new behavior

26. Generalization Behavior Spreads from one situation to another. –Bad 7 th grade history teacher, hate social studies

27. Discrimination Ability to distinguish between two similar signals or stimuli Learning to respond to one stimuli but not to a similar stimuli –Decide you don’t like History

28. Extinction The loss of a behavior when consequence follows it. The subject no longer responds since the reinforcement or punishment has stopped. –Have a good history teacher and love history

29. B.F. Skinner Interview Insert “B.F. Skinner Interview” Video #9 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

30. Schedules of Reinforcement

31. Continuous reinforcement a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows every correct response Most useful way to establish a behavior The behavior will extinguish quickly once the reinforcement stops.

32. Partial Reinforcement a schedule of reinforcement in which a reward follows only some correct responses Includes the following types: –Fixed-interval and variable interval –Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio

33. Fixed-Interval Schedule a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards only the first correct response after some defined period of time i.e. weekly quiz in a class

34. Variable-Interval Schedule a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time i.e. “pop” quiz in a class

35. Fixed-Ratio Schedule a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after some defined number of correct responses The faster the subject responds, the more reinforcements they will receive.

36. Variable-Ratio Schedule a partial reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses This schedule is very resistant to extinction. Sometimes called the “gambler’s schedule”; similar to a slot machine