1. Please take out your Parkersburg Article and Modules 41-42 for check-off

2. Modules 41-42 Module 41 Module 42 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. E 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. E

3. Parkersburg Discuss: 1. Was the C8 discharged by a point or non-point source of water pollution? 2. What type of pollutant was C8, based on your reading of Modules 41-42 3. What was the most interesting/horrifying thing you read?

4. King County Water Quality Lab Take a large beaker to get a sample of the retention pond Rest of data is online Do this lab in your lab book

5. Assessing Health; Nutrient and Pathogen Pollution

6. Point vs. Non-Point Sources Point  Discrete Location Non-point  Cumulative sources through run- off

7. Biological Assessment Diversity of macroinvertebrates and fish Both are sensitive to abiotic factors that may indicate problems Fecal coliform- determines levels of feces bacteria found in freshwater

8. Chemical Assessment pH- most organisms survive between 6-9 Phosphates- can indicate runoff from fertilizer, sewage, animal waste Nitrates- same as phosphates Conductivity- can indicate presence of metal pollution (same as hardness) DO (Dissolved Oxygen)- most orgs. survive above 5 ppm BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)- amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a set amount of time Higher in polluted waters because of bacteria in wastewater that use a lot of oxygen

9. Oxygen Sag Curve Red = amount of organic matter; BOD Blue = amount of oxygen

11. Physical Assessment Turbidity- cloudiness (may affect photosynthesis) Stream flow/velocity- fast-flowing water dissolves oxygen better Temperature- cold water dissolves oxygen better; orgs have a range of tolerance

12. Biggest pollution problem in the world … LACK OF CLEAN WATER! Ganges in India Yangtze & Three Gorges Dam in China

13. Waterborne Diseases Cholera, typhoid fever, giardia, E. coli, dysentery, hepatitis … to name a few Why is tea such a popular drink in many developing countries?

14. Clean drinking water is not just a problem in developing countries Cryptosporidium in Lake Michigan/Milwaukee King County’s Combined Sewer Overflow Control –– http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/wastewater/CSO.aspx

15. Nutrient Pollution Main Cause: Fertilizer Run-off Effect: Eutrophication/Hypoxia

16. Eutrophication Eutrophication: the natural nutrient enrichment of freshwater Cultural Eutrophication: man-made, rapid nutrient enrichment Phosphates, nitrates from fertilizer run-off, animal feedlots, untreated sewage

17. Cultural Eutrophication Excess nutrient cause huge algal blooms Block light for phytoplankton and submerged plants; DO drops Aerobic bacteria decompose the algal mats; DO drops

18. Eutrophication Remediation Mechanical removal of excess weeds Pumping O2 into the water Use of herbicides/algaecides Buffer zones to prevent run off Advanced treatment plants- remove N, P http://www.kingcounty.gov/services/environment/water- and-land/lakes/lakes-of-king-county/lake- washington/lake-washington-story.aspx

19. Pathogen/Waterborne Disease Main Causes: Sewage overflows/runoffs and manure runoffs from feed lots Effects: Disease Outbreaks/Eutrophication

20. Water Borne Disease Bacteria- Typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, enteritis Viruses- Hepatitis B, polio Protozoa- amoebic dysentery, giardia, cryptosporidium Worms- schistosomiasis

22. FRQ: Water Pollution Due next time, along with Modules 43-45 in online organizer

23. Toxic Chemicals Main Cause: Water used in mining processes Effects: Toxic Water

24. Sediment Main Cause: Deforestation of steep slopes and/or land near rivers Effects: River becomes “choked” http://seattletimes.nws ource.com/html/localn ews/2013981790_elliott bay20m.html http://seattletimes.nws ource.com/html/localn ews/2013981790_elliott bay20m.html

25. Clean Water Act Passed Congress 1972, amended 1977, & 1987 Individuals or corporations have to obtain permits before releasing any pollutants in waterways The EPA creates point source discharge limits for pollutants in waterways (non-point sources are not addressed) Federal monetary assistance is provided through grants to obtain necessary technology to limit discharges Gives cities, counties, states, etc the power to prosecute individuals or corporations that don’t meet pollution guide lines. GOAL: Clean water for swimming, fishing, and habitat

26. Federal Safe Drinking Water Act Passed congress in 1974, amended 1996 Assures safe drinking water for Americans Gives the EPA the right to oversee and set standards for all water suppliers.

27. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Also called Superfund legislation Enacted in 1980 in response to toxic waste disaster at Love Canal, NY Established monetary fund and rules governing responsibility for cleaning up hazardous waste disposal sites  Greatly improved issues regarding groundwater pollution