1. 1 General Biology Chapter 11 Gene Technology

2. 2 Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA is made when a DNA fragment is put into the DNA of a vector Gel electrophroesis separates DNA fragments by their size and shape The goal of the Human Genome project is to construct maps of the human chromosomes and determine the DNA sequences of Human chromosomes.

3. 3 Genetic Engineering DNA fingerprint analysis can be used to determine whether two individuals are related DNA fingerprinting enables genetic engineers to arrange genes in a particular order on a chromosomes. Genetic engineering techniques can be used to make crops resistance to destructive insects. Dairy cattle will produce more milk when genetically engineered growth hormone is added to their food A transgenic animal is an animal with foreign DNA in its cells

4. 4 Genetic Engineering A strand of DNA formed by the spicing of DNA from two different species is called? Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA molecules from two different species. Cleaving DNA with a restriction enzymes. Recombining pieces of DNA from different species, cloning and screening target cells are all usual steps in a genetic engineer experiment

5. 5 Genetic Engineering Refers to the process of moving genes from a chromosomes of one organisms to a chromosome of a different organism The use of genetic engineering to transfer human genes into bacteria allows the bacteria to produce human proteins

6. 6 Genetic Engineering Restriction Enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific places Restriction Enzymes-Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA segments in order to obtain a large number of identical cells

7. 7 Genetic Engineering Southern Blot – technique that uses radioactively labeled DNA to identify specific genes in a piece of DNA Gel electrophoresis-a techniques used to separate molecules in a mixture by subjecting them to an electrical field within a gel

8. 8 Genetic Engineering Generic engineering : human health:: Human insulin : diabetes patients The following are medical conditions that can be treated by using proteins produced through genetic engineering Diabetes hemophilia ovarian cancer

9. 9 Genetic engineering The following are examples of gene technology used in farming Use of cow growth hormone produced by bacteria to increase milk production in cows The development of larger and faster- growing breeds of livestock The addition of human genes to farm-animal genes to obtain milk containing human proteins

10. 10 Genetic Engineering The Goal of the Human Genome project is to- create maps showing where genes are located on human chromosomes DNA fingerprinting has been used in criminal investigations because- DNA analysis allows investigators to distinguish body cells of different individuals, who are unlikely to have the same DNA

11. 11 Genetic Engineering Human Genome Project -name of the scientific program that has worked to construct maps of human chromosomes and determine the DNA sequence of those chromosomes Human genome -The entire collection of genes within the cells of a human

12. 12 Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA is formed by the joining of DNA molecules from two different species Antibodies- help destroy microbes that invade the body ( only effective against bacteria) Insulin – protein produced by genetic engineering to treat diabetes

13. 13 Plasmids Plasmids-are small circular forms of bacterial DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the main bacterial chromosomes Are often used as vectors in genetic engineering experiments Vector – agent used to carry a DNA fragment isolated from one cell into another cell.

14. 14 Cloning Process by which many identical cells may be produced. Gene Cloning – process by which a foreign gene is replicated by insertion into a bacterium Cloning – process of allowing cells to reproduce in order to obtain a large number of identical cells Large number of genetically identical organisms produces a new DNA segment are called - CLONES