2. 1 VU TRINH, FDOT Statewide Airport Engineering Manager/ Instructor Florida Department of Transportation AVIATION OFFICE Florida Department of Transportation AVIATION OFFICE (Orlando, Florida - 2013)

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AC/PCC Pavement Deduct Curves Calculation of PCI 2

4. CLASSIFICATION OF AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS (AC)  RIGID PAVEMENTS (PCC) 3

5. 4 DISTRESSES IN FLEXIBLE AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS 1. ALLIGATOR CRACKING 2. BLEEDING 3. BLOCK CRACKING 4. CORRUGATION 5. DEPRESSION 6. JET BLAST EROSION 7. JOINT REFLECTION CRACKING 8. LONGITUDINAL / TRANSVERSE CRACKING 9. OIL SPILLAGE 10. PATCHING 11. POLISHED AGGREGATE 12. RAVELING 13. RUTTING 14. SHOVING FROM PCC SLAB 15. SLIPPAGE CRACKING 16. SWELLING 17. WEATHERING

6. 5 1. BLOW UP 2. CORNNER BREAK 3. LTD CRACKING 4. “D” CRACKING 5. JOINT SEAL DAMAGE 6. SMALL PATCH 7. LARGE PATCH 8. POPOUTS 9. PUMPING 10. SCALLING/ MAP CRACKING/CRAZING 11. FAULTING 12. SHATTERED SLAB 13. SHRINKAGE CRACKING 14. JOINT SPALLING 15. CORNER SPALLING 16. ALKALIS SILICA REACTIVITY DISTRESSES IN RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS

7. AC PAVEMENT DEDUCT CURVES (PCI POINTS DEDUCTION SYSTEM) 6

8. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY DATA SHEET FOR SAMPLE UNIT 7

9. ALLIGATOR CRACKING SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)100 L - H= 26 MEDIUM M)84100M-H= 1686 2 LOW (L)74100L - M= 10 DIS. #1 8 74 84 100

10. BLEEDING SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)N/A L - H= N/A MEDIUM M)N/A100M-H= N/A67 9 LOW (L)N/A L - M= N/A DIS. #2 9

11. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)78100L - H= 43 MEDIUM M)54100M-H= 2456 12 LOW (L)35100L - M= 19 BLOCK CRACKING DIS. #3 10

12. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)10037L - H= 28 MEDIUM M)10080M-H= 091 1 LOW (L)72100L - M= 28 CORRUGATION DIS. #4 11

13. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)97100L - H= 35 MEDIUM M)85100M-H= 1281 3 LOW (L)62100L - M= 23 DEPRESSION DIS. #5 12

14. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.FINAL. PCIRANK NoN/A100L - H= N/A N/AM-H= N/A42 15 N/AL - M= N/A JET BLAST EROSION DIS. #6 13

15. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)93100L - H= 58 MEDIUM M)63100M-H= 3064 10 LOW (L)35100L - M= 28 JOINT REFLECTION CRACKING DIS. #7 14

16. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)97100L - H= 47 MEDIUM M)72100M-H= 2573 7 LOW (L)50100L - M= 22 LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE CRACKING DIS. #8 15

17. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.FINAL. PCIRANK NoN/A100L - H= N/A N/AM-H= N/A28 16 N/AL - M= N/A OIL SPILLAGE DIS. #9 16

18. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)97100L - H= 47 MEDIUM M)70100M-H= 2569 8 LOW (L)38100L - M= 22 PATCHING & UTILITY PATCHING DIS. #10 17

19. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.FINAL. PCIRANK NoN/A100L - H= N/A N/AM-H= N/A50 14 N/AL - M= N/A POLISHED AGGREGATE DIS. #11 18

20. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)70100L - H= 43 MEDIUM M)57100M-H= 1351 13 LOW (L)27100L - M= 30 RAVELING DIS. #12 19

21. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)10060L - H= 43 MEDIUM M)78100M-H= 1377 5 LOW (L)54100L - M= 30 RUTTING DIS. #13 20

22. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)87100L - H= 49 MEDIUM M)64100M-H= 2363 11 LOW (L)38100L - M= 26 SHOVING DIS. #14 21

23. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.FINAL. PCIRANK NoN/A100L - H= N/A N/AM-H= N/A80 4 N/AL - M= N/A SLIPPAGE CRACKING DIS. #15 22

24. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)10080L - H= 54 MEDIUM M)75100M-H= 2574 6 LOW (L)46100L - M= 29 SWELLING DIS. #16 23

25. SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVER. PCIRANK HIGH (H)57100L - H= 52 MEDIUM M)20100M-H= 372717 LOW (L)05100L - M= 15 WEATHERING DIS. #17 24

26. # DISTRESSPCI pts. DEDUCTIONRANKING 1ALLIGATOR CRACKING862 2BLEEDING679 3BLOCK CRACKING5612 4CORRUGATION911 5DEPRESSION813 6JET BLAST EROSION4215 7JOINT REFLECTION CRACKING6410 8LONGITUDINAL/TRANSVERSE CRACKING737 9OIL SPILLAGE2816 10PATCHING698 11POLISHED AGGREGATE5014 12RAVELING5113 RUTTING775 14SHOVING FROM PCC SLAB6311 15SLIPPAGE CRACKING804 16SWELLING746 17WEATHERING2717 RANKING IN PCI POINTS DEDUCTION FOR AC AIRFIELD PAVEMENT 25

27. Corrected DVs for Flexible Airfield Pavement 26

28. PCC PAVEMENT DEDUCT CURVES (PCI POINTS DEDUCTION SYSTEM ) 27

29. JOINTED RIGID PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY DATA SHEET FOR SAMPLE UNIT 28

30. Note: For a HIGH severity BLOW UP, the PCI deduct value is 100 SEVERITY PCI Ded.%SEV./ H-M-L.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)100N/A MEDIUM M)100> 630100 1 LOW (L)100> 830 BLOWUP DIS. #1 29

31. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)91100L - H= 49 MEDIUM M)72100M-H= 1968 3 LOW (L)42100L - M= 30 DIS. #2 CORNER BREAK 30

32. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)84100L - H= 62 MEDIUM M)57100M-H= 2754 5 LOW (L)22100L - M= 35 DIS. #3 LINEAR CRACKING (LTD) 31

33. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)88100L - H= 66 MEDIUM M)50100M-H= 3853 6 LOW (L)22100L - M= 28 DIS. #4 DURABILITY CRACKING 32

34. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)12N/AL - H= 10 MEDIUM M)7N/AM-H= 57 16 LOW (L)2N/AL - M= 5 DIS. #5 JOINT SEAL DAMAGE 33

35. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)40100L - H= 30 MEDIUM M)22100M-H= 1824 13 LOW (L)1080L - M= 12 DIS. #6 SMALL PATCH 34

36. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)88100L - H= 66 MEDIUM M)50100M-H= 3853 6 LOW (L)22100L - M= 28 DIS. #7 LARGE PATCHING / UTILITY CUT 35

37. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.FINAL PCIRANK NoN/A100L – H=N/A N/AM-H= N/A22 14 N/AL - M= N/A DIS. #8 POPOUTS 36

38. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.FINAL PCIRANK HIGH (H)N/A100L - H= N/A MEDIUM M)N/AM-H= N/A52 8 LOW (L)N/AL - M= N/A DIS. #9 PUMPING 37

39. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)81100L - H= 74 MEDIUM M)40100M-H= 4143 10 LOW (L)07100L - M= 33 DIS. #10 SCALING/MAP CRACKING & CRAZING 38

40. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)90100L - H= 53 MEDIUM M)57100M-H= 3361 4 LOW (L)37100L - M= 20 DIS. #11 SETTLEMENT or FAULTING 39

41. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)10090L - H= 42 MEDIUM M)83100M-H= 1780 2 LOW (L)58100L - M= 25 DIS. #12 SHATTERED SLAB/INTERSECTING CRACKS 40

42. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.FINAL PCIRANK NoN/A100L - H= N/A N/AM-H= N/A14 15 N/AL - M= N/A DIS. #13 SHRINKAGE CRACKING 41

43. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)52100L - H= 38 MEDIUM M)36100M-H= 1634 11 LOW (L)14100L - M= 22 DIS. #14 JOINT SPALLING 42

44. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H)46100L - H= 26 MEDIUM M)28100M-H= 1831 12 LOW (L)20100L - M= 8 DIS. #15 CORNER SPALLING 43

45. SEVERITY PCI%SEV./ L.M.H.AVERAGERANK HIGH (H) 82 100L - H= 60 MEDIUM M) 50 100M-H= 3251 9 LOW (L) 22 100L - M= 28 DIS. #16 ALKALI SILICA REACTION 44

46. # DISTRESSPCI pts. DEDUCTIONRANKING 1BLOW UP1001 2 CORNER BREAK683 3LTD CRACK545 4 D” CRACKING536 5 JOINT SEAL DAMAGE0716 6 SMALL PATCH2413 7 LARGE & UTILITY CUTS536 8POPOUTS2214 9PUMPING528 10SCALLING/ MAP CRACKING/CRAZING4310 11SETTLEMENT OR FAULTING614 12SHATTERED SLAB/INTERSECTING CRACKS802 13SHRINKAGE CRACKS1415 14 JOINT SPALLING3411 15CORNER SPALLING3112 16ALKALI SILICA REACTIVITY519 RANKING IN PCI POINTS DEDUCTION FOR PCC AIRFIELD PAVEMENT 45

47. 46 Corrected DVs for Jointed Rigid Airfield Pavement

48. AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PCI CALCULATION WITHOUT A SOFWARE PROGRAM 47

49. CALCULATION of PCI for AIRFIELD PAVEMENT The MUST HAVE information: 1.Data Collection Sheet (AC/PCC) 2.AC/PCC Pavement Deduct Curves 3.Adjusted Deduct Value Sheet 4.Corrected DVs for AC/PCC Airfield Pavement 5.Corrected PCI Value Sheet 6.Adjustment of Number of DVs Chart 7.Basic calculator The MUST DO information: 1. Determine (d) the density (%) 2.Determine m, the maximum allowable number of distress 3.Determine Deduct Value 4. Determine t he final of Smallest Deduct Value, L 5. Determine the Highest Corrective Deduct Value (HCDV) 48

50. GOOD 0 SATISFACT. POORFAIR SERIOUS FAILED V. POOR 100 90 70 50 40 30 20 10 60 80 PCI PAVEMENT CONDITION 85 70 55 40 25 10 0 100 0 - 10 11 - 25 26 - 40 41 - 55 56 -70 71 - 85 86 - 100 PCI / PAVEMENT CONDITION CHART 49

51. 50 PCI SYSTEM

52. The MUST HAVE information: 1.Data Collection Sheet (AC/PCC) 2.AC/PCC Pavement Deduct Curves 3.Adjusted Deduct Value Sheet 4.Corrected DVs for AC/PCC Airfield Pavement 5.Corrected PCI Value Sheet 6.Adjustment of Number of DVs Chart 7.Basic calculator 51

53. 1. Data Collection Sheet (AC/PCC) 52 AC PCC

54. 2. AC/PCC Pavement Deduct Curves for LT/LTD 53 AC PCC

55. 3. Sample of an Adjusted Deduct Value -AC Pavement - sheet 54

56. 4. Corrected DVs for AC/PCC Airfield Pavement 55 AC PCC

57. 5. Sample of a Corrected PCI Value -AC Pavement - sheet Max CDV: 57.5 PCI= 100-Max CDV= 100 - 57.5 = 42.5 Rating: POOR (4.8+4.9+21+27+20+2+9+4=92.7) 100 – 92.7 = 7.3 56 ( When q=1, the CDV= Maximum)

58. 6. Adjustment of Number of DVs Chart 57

59. The MUST DO information: 1. Determine (d) the density (%) 2.Determine m, the maximum allowable number of distress 3.Determine Deduct Value 4. Determine t he final of Smallest Deduct Value, L 5. Determine the Highest Corrective Deduct Value (HCDV) 58

60. Determine m, the maximum allowable number of distresses, as follows: m = 1+(9/95) (100 – HDV) < 10 (HDV = highest individual DV) m = 1 + (9/95) (100 - 32.0) = 7.44 1. Enter m largest DVs on Line 1 of the following table, including the fraction obtained by multiplying the last DV by the fractional portion of m. If less than m DVs are available, enter all of the DVs. 2. Sum the DVs and enter it under “Total”. Count the number of DVs greater than 5.0 and enter it under “q”. 3. Look up the appropriate correction curve (AC or PCC) with “Total” and “q” to determine CDV. 4. Copy DVs on current line to the next line, changing the smallest DV greater than five to five. Repeat 10.3.1.3 and 10.3.1.4 until “q” = 1. 5.Maximum CDV is the largest value in the “CDV” column. Determine the DVs for each distress type severity level combination using the corresponding deduct curve in Appendix X4. 1. Determine PCI by following the procedures in 9.5 and 9.6, using the correction curve for PCC pavements (see Fig. X4.17) in place of the correction curve for AC pavements in 9.5.5.3. 2. Fig. 8 shows a summary of PCI calculation for the example PCC pavement distress data in Fig. 7. Eq 14. Calculation of PCI for Airfield Pavement (ASTM) 59

61. 60 AC PAVEMENTS

62. DENSITY (%) CALCULATION (AC) (1. Determine ( d ) the density, %) 61

63. m = 1+(9/95) (100-HDV) < 10 (HDV= highest individual DV) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC) (2. Determine m, the maximum allowable number of distress) m= 1+((.0947)(100- )) = (?) = 1 + (.0947 x 73) = (?) = 1 + 6.9131 = m = 7.9158 7.92 27 62

64. Number of Deduct Values 6 10 Highest Deduct Value ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC) 12 8 4 2 0 80 40 02060100120 m = 1+(9/95)(100 – Max DV) 27 7.92 30 (2a. Determine m by using the Adjustment of Number of DVs Chart) 7 63

65. LONG. & TRANS. CRACKING (3. Find Deduct Value by using Pavement Deduct Curves ) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC) 100 64

66. RUTTING (3a. Find Deduct Value by using Pavement Deduct Curves ) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC) 100 65

67. The MAXI. ALLOWABLE # of DISTRESS: m = 7.92 To find the final of smallest Deduct Value L: Use the FRACTION of m: (.92) x smallest DV (2)= last # L= (.92 x 2) = 1.84 = 1.8, Transfer all of the DV to the Adjusted Deduct Value sheet, replace smallest DV :2 with L: 1.8 (4. Find the final of Smallest Deduct Value L ) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC) 100 66

68. (See next slide for: Airfield AC Max CDV Chart ) Enter the # onto NEW Deduct Value Chart: - On the 1 st line there are 4 numbers that are > 5: 27.0, 21.0, 20.0, & 9.0. q= numbers that are > 5; q=4 - On the 2 nd line there are 3 numbers that are > 5: 27.0, 21.0, 20.0; q=3, then replace 9 by 5 on this 2 nd line) - On the 3rd line there are 2 numbers that are > 5: 27.0, 21.0 ; q= 2, then replace 20 by 5 on this 3 rd line) - On the 4 th line, there is only1 numbers that are > 5: 27.0; q=1, then replace 21 by 5 on this 4 th line) (5. Find the Highest Corrective Deduct Value, CDV) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC) 67

69. 57.5 92.5 50 73.5 51 56 88.5 Max CDV = 57.5, FINAL PCI= 100-Max CDV= 100-57.5 = 42.5 POOR (41 – 55) 68 (5a. Find the Highest Corrective Deduct Value, CDV) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (AC)

70. (We found the Max CDV: 57.5) PCI = 100 - Max CDV PCI = 100 - 57,5 PCI = 42.5 The PCI of Sample Unit 100 is 42.5 The Rating of Sample Unit 100 is: POOR (41 – 55) Calculation of PCI for AC Pavement ( SAMPLE UNIT 100) 100 69 (When q=1, the CDV= Maximum)

71. 70 PCC PAVEMENTS

72. d= Number of affected slabs x 100 Total number of slabs d= 3 x 100 = 15 20 d= 5 x 100 = 25 20 71 DENSITY (%) CALCULATION (PCC) (1. Determine ( d ) the density, %) 101

73. m = 1+(9/95) (100-HDV) < 10 (HDV= highest individual DV) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC) (2. Determine m, the maximum allowable number of distress) m= 1+((.0947)(100- )) = (?) = 1 + (.0947 x 68) = (?) = 1 + 6.4396 = 7.4396 m = 32 72 101 7.44

74. Number of Deduct Values 6 10 Highest Deduct Value 12 8 4 2 0 80 40 0 20 60100120 m = 1+(9/95)+(100-MaxDV) 1030 7.44 32 1 3 5 7 73 ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC) (2a. Determine m by using the Adjustment of Number of DVs Chart)

75. LTD CRACKS (3. Find Deduct Value by using Pavement Deduct Curves ) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC) 74 15 11 25 32

76. 75 (3a. Find Deduct Value by using Pavement Deduct Curves ) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC) CORNER SPALLING 15 6 101

77. (4. Find the final of Smallest Deduct Value L ) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC) 76 The MAXI. ALLOWABLE # of DISTRESS: m = 7.44 To find the final of smallest Deduct Value L: Use the FRACTION of m: (.44) x smallest DV (3)= last # L= (.44 x 3) = 1.32 = 1.3, Transfer all of the DV to the Adjusted Deduct Value sheet, replace smallest DV :3 with L: 1.3 101

78. (5. Find the Highest Corrective Deduct Value, CDV) ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC) 77 Enter the # onto NEW Deduct Value Chart: - On the 1 st line there are 7 numbers that are >5: 32, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 6; q= numbers that are > 5; q=7 - On the 2 nd line there are 6 numbers that are > 5: 32,12, 11, 10, 9, 8; q=6, then replace 6 by 5 on this 2 nd line - On the 3rd line there are 5 numbers that are > 5: 32, 12, 11, 10, 9; q= 5, then replace 8 by 5 on this 3 rd line - On the 4 th line there are 4 numbers that are > 5: 32, 12, 11, 10; q= 5, then replace 9 by 5 on this 4 th line - On the 5 th line there are 3 numbers that are > 5: 32, 12, 11; q= 5, then replace 10 by 5 on this 5 th line - On the 6 th line there are 2 numbers that are > 5: 32, 12; q= 5, then replace 11 by 5 on this 6 th line - On the 7 th line, there is only1 numbers that are > 5: 32; q=1. then replace 12 by 5 on this 7 th line

79. 78 (5a. Find CORRECTIVE DEDUCT VALUE by using the Chart) 63.3 58 85.3 57 76.3 ADJUSTMENT OF NUMBER OF DEDUCT VALUES (PCC)

80. 79 (We found the Max CDV: 63.3) PCI = 100 - Max CDV = 100 – 63.3 PCI = 100 - 63.3 PCI = 36.7 The PCI of Sample Unit 100 is 36.7 The Rating of Sample Unit 100 is: POOR (41 – 55) Calculation of PCI for PCC Pavement ( SAMPLE UNIT 101) (When q=1, the CDV= Maximum) 101

81. 80