1. Cooperation between Argentina and Brazil on Nuclear Energy Reactor Technology Argentina =Natural Uranium + Heavy Water Argentina =Natural Uranium + Heavy Water Siemens and Candu Medium Size Units Siemens and Candu Medium Size Units Brazil = Enriched Uranium + Light Water Brazil = Enriched Uranium + Light Water Westinghouse  Siemens Big Reactor Westinghouse  Siemens Big Reactor from Nuclear Agreement with from Nuclear Agreement with Germany Germany Recent Agreement Uranium Enrichment  Ultracentrifugation Uranium Enrichment  Ultracentrifugation Bi-national Nuclear Reactor Bi-national Nuclear Reactor

2. Historical Agreement Argentina and Brazil ratified the Treaty of Tlatelolco on the denuclearisation of Latin America Argentina and Brazil ratified the Treaty of Tlatelolco on the denuclearisation of Latin America ABACC, an agency for mutual inspections of nuclear facilities in Brazil and Argentina, was established ABACC, an agency for mutual inspections of nuclear facilities in Brazil and Argentina, was established Argentina and Brazil signed the Non- Proliferation Treaty and Brazil joined a coalition for a new agenda in TNP Argentina and Brazil signed the Non- Proliferation Treaty and Brazil joined a coalition for a new agenda in TNP

3. Alternative Sources of Energy Alternative Sources of Energy

4. Brazilian Comparative Advantages Brazil has great component of renewable energy in the energy matrix: Brazil has great component of renewable energy in the energy matrix: hydroelectric energy, hydroelectric energy, alcohol and other biofuels alcohol and other biofuels The programs for alternative sources or conservation of energy avoiding GHG emissions are: The programs for alternative sources or conservation of energy avoiding GHG emissions are: Program of Eletrobrás to buy electric energy from wind + biomass + small hydro = 3.3 GW started in 2003 (Proinfa) Program of Eletrobrás to buy electric energy from wind + biomass + small hydro = 3.3 GW started in 2003 (Proinfa) Biodiesel (Mix of 2% by law  5%) that involves Petrobrás and other public and private companies Biodiesel (Mix of 2% by law  5%) that involves Petrobrás and other public and private companies Incentives for flexible fuel cars = alcohol or gasoline Incentives for flexible fuel cars = alcohol or gasoline Conservation of energy programs of Eletrobrás and of Petrobrás (Procel and Conpete) Conservation of energy programs of Eletrobrás and of Petrobrás (Procel and Conpete)

5. Renewable and Fossil Energy %

6. Energy Transformation and Uses in Brazil

7. Biofuels Brazilian Alcohol Program Brazilian Alcohol Program Recent meeting of the USA President Bush with the Brazil President Lula for Recent meeting of the USA President Bush with the Brazil President Lula for International cooperation on biofuels International cooperation on biofuels Biodiesel Program Biodiesel Program

8. Biofuel Policy in Brazil Successful program of sugar cane ethanol in substitution for gasoline. Successful program of sugar cane ethanol in substitution for gasoline. Advantage of burning sugar cane bagasse in the distillation process of ethanol, avoiding net greenhouse gas emission. Advantage of burning sugar cane bagasse in the distillation process of ethanol, avoiding net greenhouse gas emission. Meeting of Presidents Lula and Bush in 2007 and recent Visit of President Lula to European Countries for international cooperation on biofuels. Meeting of Presidents Lula and Bush in 2007 and recent Visit of President Lula to European Countries for international cooperation on biofuels. In the US and EU production of ethanol from corn, fossil fuel is used in the distillation process emitting GHG. In the US and EU production of ethanol from corn, fossil fuel is used in the distillation process emitting GHG. New Biodiesel Program intends to stimulate family agriculture New Biodiesel Program intends to stimulate family agriculture

9. Biofuels – Carbon Cycle

10. Ethanol 2006 Production Exportation of Brazil Production Exportation of Brazil EUA 18378 millions l EUA 1749 millions l EUA 18378 millions l EUA 1749 millions l Brasil 17000 Netherland 344 Brasil 17000 Netherland 344 China 3850 Japan 228 China 3850 Japan 228 India 1900 Sweden 201 India 1900 Sweden 201 France 950 El Salvador 183 France 950 El Salvador 183 Germany 765 Jamaica 133 Germany 765 Jamaica 133 Russia 647 Venezuela 103 Russia 647 Venezuela 103 Canada 579 Canada 579 Spain 462 TOTAL 3417 Spain 462 TOTAL 3417 South Africa 386 South Africa 386

11. FINAL USE OF BIODIESEL: B(2), B(5), B(20)... B(100) MIX PURE ELECTRIC ENERGY TRANSPORT BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL Ref: Suzana K. Ribeiro, COPPE, 2006`

12. Problems in Energy and Climate in Brazil The concentration of biodiesel production from soy bean. The concentration of biodiesel production from soy bean. International concern on exportation of ethanol and land use competition with food agriculture. International concern on exportation of ethanol and land use competition with food agriculture. The job conditions of workers in sugar cane plantation has to be improved to include human dimension besides the environmental one. The job conditions of workers in sugar cane plantation has to be improved to include human dimension besides the environmental one. Biofuels use must not drop the issue of technical and social efficiency in transport. Biofuels use must not drop the issue of technical and social efficiency in transport.

13. The issue of land use for biofuels and competittion with food in Brazil: - Present sugar cane production – 7 millions ha about half for sugar, so for ethanol - 4 millions ha - For comparison : Soy bean – 23 millions ha cattle – more than 100 millions ha cattle – more than 100 millions ha - Present sugar cane plantations are not in North were there is the Amazon forest. - No problem for internal market: fuel consumption of cars = ½ gasoline + ½ ethanol fuel consumption of cars = ½ gasoline + ½ ethanol it is possible to double ethanol production without big problem. it is possible to double ethanol production without big problem.

14. Criticism and Proposal Criticism and Proposal It is necessary to think about a Climate Change Policy not to try to avoid global warming without any change in business as usual energy consumption and deforestation, from which comes the biggest contribution of Brazil to GHG World emissions. It is necessary to think about a Climate Change Policy not to try to avoid global warming without any change in business as usual energy consumption and deforestation, from which comes the biggest contribution of Brazil to GHG World emissions. Climate Change Policy must be devoted to find realistic solution for: Climate Change Policy must be devoted to find realistic solution for: - changes in the intensive energy production and - changes in the intensive energy production and consumption pattern consumption pattern - protect population against effects of climate change - protect population against effects of climate change It is necessary to pay more attention to technology development aside the scientific research on climate change. It is necessary to pay more attention to technology development aside the scientific research on climate change.

15. COPPE – The Graduate School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Academic Departments of COPPE COPPETEC Foundation Academic Departments of COPPE COPPETEC Foundation Newtonian Civil project contracts Newtonian Civil project contracts Engineering Mechanical involving departments Engineering Mechanical involving departments Ocean Ocean Maxwellian Electric Maxwellian Electric Engineering Computing Engineering Computing Biomedical Structures of COPPE dedicated Biomedical Structures of COPPE dedicated Einsteinian Chemical to Climate Change: Einsteinian Chemical to Climate Change: Engineering Materials Engineering Materials Nuclear IVIG - for technology Nuclear IVIG - for technology Keynesian Production inovation & planning Keynesian Production inovation & planning Engineering Transport Engineering Transport Energy Planning Centroclima- for environmental Energy Planning Centroclima- for environmental planning planning COPPE has about 3000 M Sc and D Sc students, 300 full time professors COPPE has about 3000 M Sc and D Sc students, 300 full time professors Budget of COPPETEC= US$ 75 Millions Budget of COPPETEC= US$ 75 Millions

16. Biodiesel Plant of IVIG/COPPE

17. Electric Energy from Waste at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 30 t/day

18. The project of COPPE for electric energy generation from sea waves