2.  Give credit to original source ◦ See Notes 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of Bordo’s essay  What does each part mean? 2. Holly Bruback, “The Athletic Aesthetic,” The New York Times Magazine, June 23, 1996, p. 51. 7. Stephanie Grant, The Passion of Alice (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995), 58.

3.  Further explain a concept that is alluded to in the original text ◦ See Notes 1, 3, 4, and 5 of Bordo’s essay  Placing this information in the main part of the essay would be cumbersome, so the writer puts the info in a footnote.

4.  c. or ca circa about, approximately  e.g. exempli gratia for example, for instance  et al. et allii, et alia and other people/things  ib, ibid. ibidem in the same place, author(esp. previous reference)  i.e. id est that is to say, amongst other things  loc. cit. loco citato in the place cited/mentioned  N.B. nota bene note well/carefully  op. cit. opere citato in the work cited/mentioned before  viz. videlicet namely, that is to say  *More common ones in bold

5.  Endnote:  1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800- 1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.  2. Ibid.  Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place." Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening. If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number. For example: 2 Ibid., 50.

6.  For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography. ◦ 1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style, ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.  Subsequent footnotes: ◦ 2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style, 90.  Bibliography:  Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style. Edited by Berel Lang. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.

7.  The perpetrators of such inexcusable obscurity have the further outrageous habit of citing references with the Latin abbreviations ibid. and op. cit. What do these mean? Well, ibid. means "This is another reference to the last thing I cited; it's back there somewhere, maybe only a page or two, if you're lucky." And op. cit. means "This is another reference to the work by this author which I cited some time ago, and, if you want to know what it is, you can leaf back through twenty-five or fifty pages to find it, you miserable peasant." (Technically, they mean `in the same place' and `in the work cited', but my explanations are far more honest.) Don't use these ghastly things. A writer who uses them is expressing utter contempt for the reader, and should be turned over to the Imperial Chinese Torturer for corrective treatment.Latin abbreviations Trask, Larry. “Footnotes.” School of Informatics. University of Sussex, 1997. Web. 4 March 2011.

8. Let’s read the intro to an article about the Declaration of Independence. Read the footnotes carefully. Discuss the questions with your partner and come up with sufficient answers.

9.  What is the purpose of listing the many references in the first footnote?  How does this information contribute to the author’s credibility as a source of information?

10.  How do these footnotes confirm the dialogic nature of academic discourse?  (How does this relate to SYNTHESIS???)

11.  Locate the sentence that directs you to footnote 2.  What important piece of information can be found in this footnote regarding the author’s attribution of authorship for the Declaration of Independence?  Why and to whom might this be surprising? (Lesson: If something surprises you, the author probably did it on purpose. Ask yourself why it was done.)  Why might the author’s commentary be relegated to the footnote rather than the text of the essay?

12.  What objection from the reader might the author anticipate and address through his use of footnote 3?  How might this add to the logic of the argument he is presenting?