1. Definitions and Concepts
Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D
Department of Pharmaceutics
Faculty of Pharmacy
Omer Al-Mukhtar University
Tobruk, Libya.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

2. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

3. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Definitions
Biopharmaceutics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Drug Disposition
Drug Distribution.
Elimination
a. Biotransformation(Metabolism)
b. Excretion
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

4. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Definitions
Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Equivalence.
Bioequivalence.
Pharmaceutical Equivalence.
Pharmaceutical Alternatives.
Therapeutic Equivalence.
Bio-Inequivalence.
Bioequivalences Studies.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

5. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Biopharmaceutics
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of drug products.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

6. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Biopharmaceutics
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

7. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Absorption
Definition :
The process of movement of drug from its site of administration to the systemic circulation is called as absorption.
The process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to systemic circulation.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

8. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Absorption
There always exist a correlation between the plasma concentration of a drug & the therapeutic response & thus, absorption can also be defined as the process of movement of unchanged drug from the site of administration to the site of measurement.
i.e., plasma.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

9. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
G. I. T.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

10. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Buccal
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

11. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Sublingual
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

12. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Skin (Dermal)
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

13. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Skin (Dermal)
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

14. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Skin (Dermal)
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

15. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Eye (Ophthalmic)
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

16. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Nasal (Nose)
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

17. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Lung (Respiratory)
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

18. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
G. I. T.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

19. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Bioavailability
Bioavailability is defined as the rate and extent (amount) of drug absorption.
The relative amount of an administration dose of a particular drug that reaches the systemic circulation intact and the rate at which this occurs is known as the bioavailability.
The fraction of an administration dose of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged form is known as the bioavailable dose.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

20. Absolute Bioavailability
If the systemic availability of a drug administered orally is determined by doing its comparison with I.V. administration, it is known as absolute bioavailability.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

21. Relative Bioavailability
If the systemic availability of a drug administered orally is determined by doing its comparison with that of an oral standard of the same drug, it is known as a relative bioavailability.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

22. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Drug disposition
Any alternative in the drug’s bioavailability is reflected in its pharmacological effects. Other processes that play a role in the therapeutic activity of a drug are distribution and elimination. Together, they are known as drug disposition.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

23. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Drug distribution
The movement of drug between one compartment and the other (general blood and the extra-vascular tissues) is referred to as drug distribution.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

24. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Elimination
Elimination is defined as the process that tends to remove the drug from the body and terminate its action.
Biotransformation(Metabolism): Which usually inactivevates the drug.
Excretion:Which is responsible for the exit of drug/metabolites from the body.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

25. Biotransformation (Metabolism)
Biotransformation(Metabolism):Which usually inactivates the drug.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

26. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Excretion
Which is responsible for the exit of drug/metabolites from the body.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

27. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics is defined as the study of time course of drug ADME and their relationship with its therapeutics and toxic effects of the drug.
Simply speaking, pharmacokinetics is the kinetics of ADME or KADME.
Pharmacokinetic is a study of what the body does to the drug, whereas.
Pharmacokinetics relates changes in concentration of drug within the body with time after its administration, whereas.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

28. Clinical pharmacokinetics
The use of pharmacokinetic principles in optimising the drug dosage to suit individual patient needs and achieving maximum therapeutic utility is called as clinical pharmacokinetics.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

29. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamic is a study of what the drug does to the body.
Pharmacorelates response to concentration of drug in the body.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

30. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Equivalence
This term compares the drug products to the characters or functions to the set of standards.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

31. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Bioequivalence
It refers that the drug substance in two or more identical dosage forms, reaches systemic circulation at the same rate and to the same relative extent. i.e. their plasma concentration time profiles will be identical without significant statistical differences.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

32. Pharmaceutical Equivalence
Drug products in identical dosage forms that contains the same active ingredients, use the same route of administration, and are identical in strength or concentration, quality, purity, content uniformity, however they may differ in containing excipients.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

33. Pharmaceutical Alternatives
Drug products that contain the same therapeutic moiety but as different salt, ester or complex. For e. g. tetracycline phosphate or tetracycline hydrochloride equivalent to 250 mg tetracycline.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

34. Therapeutic Equivalence
It indicate that two or more drug products that contain same therapeutically active ingredients, elicit identical pharmacologic effect and can control the disease to the same extent.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

35. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Bio-Inequivalence
When statistically significant differences are observed in the bioavailability of two or more drug products called as bio-inequivalences.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

36. Bioequivalences Studies
Bioequivalence studies are performed by comparing the bioavailability of, to-be-marketed Generic product with that of the Brand product. Pharmacokinetic studies are conducted whereby each of the preparations are administered in a cross-over study to volunteer subjects, generally healthy individuals but occasionally in patients.
Serum/Plasma samples are obtained at regular intervals and assayed for parent drug (or occasionally metabolite) concentration.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

37. Drug Administration and Therapy
The Pharmaceutical Phase.
The Pharmacokinetic Phase.
The Pharmacodynamic Phase.
The Therapeutic Phase.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

38. The pharmaceutical Phase
It is concerned with-
Physicochemical properties of the drug, and
Design and manufacturing of an effective drug product for administration by a suitable route.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

39. The Pharmacokinetic Phase
It is concerned with the ADME of drugs as elicited by the plasma drug concentration-time profile and its relationship with the dose, dosage form and dosing frequency and route of administration. In short, it is the sum of all the processes inflicted by the body on the drug.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

40. The Pharmacodynamic Phase
It is concerned with the bio-chemical and physiological effects of the drug and its mechanism of action. It is characterized by the concentration of drug at the site of action and its relation to the magnitude of effects observed.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

41. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
The Therapeutic Phase
It is concerned with the translation of pharmacological effect into clinical benefit.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

42. Concept of Bioavailability
Be completely released from the dosage form.
Be fully dissolved in the gastrointestinal fluids.
Be stable in solution in the gastrointestinal fluids.
Pass through the gastrointestinal barrier into the mesenteric circulation without being metabolized.
Pass through the liver into the systemic circulation unchanged form.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

43. Concept of Biopharmaceutics
In the same type of dosage form by different routes of administration, e.g. an aqueous solution of a given drug administered by the oral and intramuscular routes.
By the same routes of administration but different types of dosage form, e.g. a tablet, a hard gelatin capsule and an aqueous suspension administered by the peroral route.
In the same type of dosage form by the same route of administration but with different formulations of the dosage form, e.g. different formulations of an oral aqueous suspension.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

44. Poor biopharmaceutical properties
Poor and variable bioavailability.
Difficulties in toxicological evaluation.
Difficulties with bioequivalence of formulations.
Multi-daily dosing.
The requirement for a non-conventional delivery system.
Long and costly development times.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

45. Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
References
“Biopharmaceutics & pharmacokinetics”, D.M. Brahmankar & Sunil B. Jaiswal, Vallabh prakashan.
2. “Text book of Biopharmaceutics &pharmacokinetics”, Dr. Shobharani R. Hiramath.
3. “Applied Biopharmaceutics & pharmacokinetics”, Leon Shargel & Andrew B.C. 4.
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

46. E-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com
2014/01/25
Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.