1. Developments in feed evaluation for pigs 80 years Schothorst Feed Research November 5 th, 2014 Jaap van Milgen

2. .02 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Outline  Introduction  Energy values and requirements  Amino acid values and requirements  The future?

3. .03 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Outline  Introduction  Energy values and requirements  Amino acid values and requirements  The future?

4. .04 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs products resources Animal production is constantly facing new challenges

5. .05 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs The transformation of a diet into a pig

6. .06 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs GE nutrient requirements DE ME NE total AA ileal digestible AA std. ileal digestible AA ideal AA profile Nutritional systems: a compromise between “value” and “requirement” nutrient values

7. .07 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs  The basis for the development of feeding systems (e.g., energy, amino acids, P)  Values and requirements should speak the same language and dialect  Values and requirements are supposed to be additive  The basis for linear least-cost feed formulation Nutrient values and requirements

8. .08 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Outline  Introduction  Energy values and requirements  Amino acid values and requirements  The future?

9. .09 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Estimation of GE values GE = 22.6 CP + 38.8 fat + 17.5 starch + 16.7 sugars + 18.6 residue residue = OM – (CP + fat + starch + sugars) Noblet et al. (1994) J. Anim. Sci. 72:344-354

10. .010 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Le Goff and Noblet (2001) J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2418-2427 Effect of fiber on digestibility

11. .011 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Le Goff and Noblet (2001) J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2418-2427 Effect of fiber on digestibility

12. .012 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Sauvant et al. (2004) Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials The ME:DE ratio depends on how protein is used

13. .013 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs deposited protein digestible protein excess protein carbon chainurea The ME:DE ratio depends on how protein is used 2 NH 3 + CO 2 + 4 ATP → urea (22.6 kJ/g N)

14. .014 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs The ME:DE ratio depends on how protein is used

15. .015 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Energy losses and energy systems GE Fecal energy DE Urinary energy, CH 4, H 2 ME Heat increment NE Fasting heat production RE

16. .016 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Measuring physical activity

17. .017 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Components of heat production

18. .018 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Contribution of tissues to the maintenance energy requirements van Milgen and Noblet (1999) J. Anim. Sci. 77:2154-2162 MEm = a M (muscle) b + a V (viscera) b a M = 555 kJ/(kg muscle) 0.70 /d a V = 1558 kJ/(kg viscera) 0.70 /d FHP = a M (muscle) b + a V (viscera) b + a F (fat) b a M = 457 kJ/(kg muscle) 0.81 /d a V = 1969 kJ/(kg viscera) 0.81 /d a F = -644 kJ/(kg fat) 0.81 /d

19. .019 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Fasting heat production is affected by the feeding level before fasting

20. .020 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Estimating energy values from digestible nutrients DE (kJ/g) ME (kJ/g) NE (kJ/g) ME:DE (%) NE:ME (%) Protein23.320.412.18859 Lipid38.739.335.010189 Starch17.5 14.310082 Sugars16.816.511.99873 Fiber16.715.58.69356 Noblet et al. (1994) J. Anim. Sci. 72:344-354

21. .021 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs lipidproteinstarchsugarsfiber intermediary metabolism lipid ATP protein heat The transformation of organic matter into a pig

22. .022 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Theoretical efficiency of ATP synthesis van Milgen (2002) J. Nutr. 132:3195-320

23. .023 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Energy efficiency of glucose  ATP direct 74.2 kJ/ATP = 100% via glycogen (muscle)97% via glycogen (liver)95% via glutamate (amino acid)95% via glutamate (protein)82% via lipid80% van Milgen (2002) J. Nutr. 132:3195-320

24. .024 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Outline  Introduction  Energy values and requirements  Amino acid values and requirements  The future?

25. .025 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Law of the minimum (von Liebig, 1850) Ideal protein (Mitchell et al., 1964)  All essential amino acids are equally limiting for performance:  no deficiency  no excess  Usually expressed relative to Lys:  Lys is typically the first-limiting amino acid in the diet  The Lys requirement (g/kg diet) changes during growth, but the requirements of other amino acids change proportionally to Lys (assumption)  Simple to use: only 1 value for each amino acid to remember (e.g., Thr:Lys = 65%)

26. .026 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Amino acid composition of proteins

27. .027 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Endogenous losses increase with increasing amino acid intake

28. .028 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs diet ileal indigestible specific endogenous losses standardized ileal digestible (SID) apparent ileal digestible (AID) basal endogenous losses Expressing amino acid values and requirements Basal endogenous losses are: part of the feed value in an AID system part of the requirement in an SID system

29. .029 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs  Apparent ileal digestibility (AID):  AID values are not additive  Basal endogenous losses are part of the AID amino acid value (i.e., the value is lower)  Standardized ileal digestibility (SID):  SID values are corrected for basal endogenous losses  SID values are (supposed to be) additive  Basal endogenous losses are part of the SID amino acid requirement (i.e., the requirement is higher)  SID is the preferred mode of expression Expressing amino acid values and requirements

30. .030 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Factorial calculation of amino acid requirements products resources

31. .031 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs diet ileal indigestible specific endogenous losses standardized ileal digestible minimum oxidation (=100% - maximum efficiency) excess deposition basal endogenous losses maintenance available Factorial calculation of amino acid requirements

32. .032 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs ItemValue Body weight, kg50 DM intake, kg/d2 Protein deposition, g/d150 Lys content in body protein, %6.96 Minimum oxidation of Lys, %28 Maintenance Lys requirement, mg/(kg BW 0.75 )/d 28.4 Basal endogenous losses, mg/kg DM intake 313 SID Lys requirement, g/d Factorial calculation of amino acid requirements

33. .033 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Body weight gain and protein deposition change in a similar way during growth …

34. .034 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs … but protein deposition and feed intake vary differently Amino acid requirement ~ protein deposition feed intake The bottom line: We have to construct these curves!

35. .035 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Model-derived requirements and responses  Conceptually very similar, but different approaches towards:  basal endogenous losses  efficiency of amino acid use  variation among animals

36. .036 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Model-derived Lys requirements for growing pigs

37. .037 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Model-derived SID Thr:Lys requirements for growing pigs

38. .038 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Amino acidInraPorcNRC Met3029 Met + Cys6058 Thr65 (64-65) 64 (61-68) Trp18 Val7066 (65-68) Ile5553 Leu100101 Phe5061 Phe + Tyr95 His3234 Arg4246 Average ideal amino acid profile for growing pigs

39. .039 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Outline  Introduction  Energy values and requirements  Amino acid values and requirements  The future?

40. .040 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs Ruminants Monogastrics Common units Milk Meat Pigs Poultry Broilers Layers Growing pigs Sows 1875185019752000 Segmentation of feed unit systems (Daniel Sauvant, EAAP workshop, Uppsala, June 4 th 2005) Is the cow a pig with a rumen? Is the pig a chicken without feathers?

41. .041 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs  Countries have developed “home-made” nutritional systems, which come in different flavors  Budget and brains become limiting to account for new challenges in current systems  Past initiatives to harmonize feeding systems have failed:  a “my-system-is-better-than-yours” attitude  personal initiatives without institutional backing or funding  willingness but no commitment International cooperation in feed evaluation

42. .042 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs  EAAP workshop “Harmonization of Feed Evaluation Systems” (Uppsala, 2005)  INRA-WUR meeting (Paris, 2005)  EAAP workshop “The future of feeding systems and feed evaluation in Europe” (Bratislava, 2012):  COST action proposal “Towards a unified European system of farm animal nutrition” (March 2013)  COST action proposal “Multifunctional feeding systems for sustainable animal production - a framework for research and knowledge transfer” (September 2013)  EAAP workshop programmed (Warsaw, 2015) International cooperation in feed evaluation

43. .043 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs  Methods of evaluation: rapid, cheap, “no animal”, precise  Technological aspects and feed additives  A more mechanistic approach towards digestion and absorption (nutrient-nutrient and animal-nutrient interactions)  Metabolic efficiency  Account for “non-productive” aspects, multi-facetted responses (e.g., animal health and welfare, product quality, environment)  “New” animals, new feeds  Account for variation (feeds, animals)  Across-species approach  From a system of requirements to a system of responses  From models to tools Challenges for future feeding systems (EAAP workshop, Bratislava, August 31 th, 2012)

44. .044 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs 1850 1980 real-time monitoring precision livestock farming? 2010 nutrition as “art” modeling & computing characterization nutrient discoveries 1950 The future?

45. .045 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs The future?

46. .046 Jaap van Milgen / 80 years Schothorst Feed Research Developments in feed evaluation for pigs observe understand predict control products resources The past, the present, and the future

47. Acknowledgements: Roberto B AREA Ludovic B ROSSARD Alberto C ONDE Jean-Yves D OURMAD Serge D UBOIS Mathieu G LOAGUEN Etienne L ABUSSIÈRE Laurent L E B ELLEGO Nathalie L E F LOC ’ H Gwénola L E G OFF Jean N OBLET Bernard S ÈVE Staff at the UMR Pegase research unit