Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published bySherman Bryant Modified over 8 years ago
1
Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4
2
Climate weather conditions in an area year after year. Includes temperature, precipitation, winds and humidity. Temperature and precipitation are the two most important climate factors.
3
Greenhouse effect Heat trapped in the atmosphere by gases. Carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. Fig. 4-1
4
Effect of latitude Latitude and angle of heating make three zones: –Polar –Temperate –Tropical
5
Effect of latitude Fig. 4-2 Which latitude is the polar zone? Which zone receives the most light? What kind of light does the temperate zone receive?
6
Heat transport Fig.4-3 Wind currents are warm air rising and cold air falling. Where is the cold water coming from? What else can interfere with these currents?
7
Biotic and abiotic factors Biotic-biological influences on organisms. –Ex. Plants,animals Abiotic- nonliving influences. –Ex.Wind,climate,rain, temperature Habitat- area where an organism lives. Fig.4-4-What are the biotic factors in this picture?
8
Niche Organism (occupation) lives and uses physical and biological conditions. Food, temperature, it’s place in the food web, and reproduction. Fig.4-5 What would happen if two of the warbler species occupied the same niche?
9
Community Interaction Competition- organisms of the same or different species use the same resources. –Water, nutrients, light, food or space Predation-one organism captures and feeds on another organism. –Cheetah, sharks
10
Community Interaction Symbiosis- two species live close together. –Mutualism- both species benefit. –Ex. Flower and bee –Commensalism- one member benefits and the other is not affected. –Ex. Barnacles and whales –Parasitism- one lives on the another and harms it. Ex. Tapeworms and mammals
11
Ecological succession A series of changes which occur in an community over time.
12
Primary succession Fig.4-7- What types of animals would you expect to appear at each stage and why? Occurs on the surface where no soil exists. Primary species- first species to populate an area. –Ex. Lichens
13
Secondary succession A succession that follows a disturbance in community without removing the soil. –Ex. Forest fires and farm fields
14
Succession in marine ecosystems Fig. 4-9 –What is found after the first stage? –Bones –What products are provided by bacteria in the next stage? –Energy and nutrients for new organisms.
15
Land Biomes Biome- group of ecosystems which have same climate and similar communities. Characteristics of a biome- * Climate- average temperature and precipitation in a region. * Ecological community- specific organisms.
16
Class activity Fill in the biome chart
17
Tropical Rain Forest Abiotic- hot,wet thin poor soil. Dominant plant- broad leaf evergreen trees, ferns,orchids Dominant wildlife- jaguars,monkeys,reptiles Geographic distribution- south and central america,southern India
18
Tropical Dry Forest decidiuous Abiotic- warm,wet and dry thin poor soil. Dominant plant- deciduous trees, aloe,orchids Dominant wildlife- tigers,monkeys,elephants Geographic distribution- Africa,Mexico,India, Australia
19
Tropical Savanna Abiotic- warm,seasonal rain,compact soil. Dominant plant- perennial grasses. Dominant wildlife- lions,elephants,eagles Geographic distribution- Africa,Brazil,Australia
20
Desert Less than 25 cm. rain. Abiotic- vary temperatures,soils rich in minerals. Dominant plant- cacti Dominant wildlife- fox,bats,hawks,reptiles. Geographic distribution- Africa,US.,Australia, Mexico
21
Temperate Grassland Prairies and plains Abiotic- seasonal rain and temperatures, fertile soils. Dominant plant- perennial grasses and herbs. Dominant wildlife-prairie dogs,hawks,wolves and grizzly bears. Geographic distribution- central Asia, US., Australia.
22
Temperate Woodland and shrubland Abiotic- hot,dry summers,thin poor soils. Dominant plant- woody evergreen shrubs. Dominant wildlife-foxes, hawks,and rabbits. Geographic distribution- south and north america, Australia
23
Temperate Forest Coniferous and deciduous. Abiotic- seasonal rain and mild temperatures, fertile soils. Dominant plant- conifers and deciduous trees. Dominant wildlife- deer, black bears,skunks Geographic distribution- Canada,eastern US., Europe.
24
Northern Coniferous Forest Abiotic- abundant rain and mild temperatures, acidic soils. Dominant plant- conifers and redwood. Dominant wildlife- bears,elk,owls. Geographic distribution- Pacific coast nw.US.and Canada.
25
Boreal Forest Taiga Abiotic- moderate rain, long,cold winters and acidic soils. Dominant plant- conifers and deciduous trees. Dominant wildlife- lynx,moose,beavers Geographic distribution- North US., Asia
26
Tundra permafrost Abiotic- low rain, long, cold winters and poor soils. Dominant plant- moss, lichens,short grass. Dominant wildlife- caribou, snowy owl, Artic fox Geographic distribution- North US., Asia, Europe
27
Other land areas Mountain ranges- colder temperature and more precipitation changes plants and animals. Polar ice caps- year-round cold limits variety of organisms.
28
Aquatic Ecosystems Determined by: depth,flow,temperature and chemistry of water. 3% of Earth’s surface is fresh water!!!
29
Freshwater ecosytems Flowing-water- rivers, streams, creeks and brooks. Fig.4-13 – Why would the amount of living things be less abundant? –What adaptations would a fish need to survive here?
30
Freshwater ecosytems Standing-water- lakes and ponds. Fig.4-14 –What might happen to aquatic food web if phytoplankton were removed from the ecosystem?
31
Freshwater ecosytems Wetland- an ecosystem where water covers or is near the surface of soil for part of the year. Bogs, marshes and swamps.
32
Freshwater ecosytems Estuaries – wetlands formed where rivers (fresh) and seas (salt) meet. Salt marsh- tall grasses –Chesapeake Bay Mangrove swamp- trees are short, gnarled –Florida Everglades
33
Marine ecosystems Classified by: photic, aphotic zones, depth and distance from shore, intertidal zone, the coastal ocean and open ocean. Fig. 4-17 How deep is the photic zone What does the aphotic zone include?
34
Intertidal zone Organisms exposed to varied temperature and sunlight conditions. Zonation- a banding of organisms in one area caused by competition.
35
Coastal ocean Extends from low-tide to edge of continental shelf. Rich in plankton and other organisms. Example: kelp forest- Fig.4-19
36
Coral reef Most diverse and productive ecosystem. Shallow water of tropical oceans. Fig.4-20 In what types of community interactions are coral animals involved?
37
Open ocean Oceanic zone Largest zone- 90% of Earth’s oceans. Low nutrients,and less producers. Ex: octopus, whales
38
Benthic zone Ocean floor Consumers only. Chemosynthetic producers (no light) to make energy.
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.