1. Module 1 – Naval Knowledge Section 2 – War at Sea Chapter 3 – The Law of War at Sea Unit 4 - International Law and the Sea

2. What You Will Learn to Do Demonstrate an understanding of international law as it applies to countries using the sea

3. Objectives 1.Describe war at sea and the effects war has on international law 2.Describe the methods used to enforce laws of war

4. Key Terms CPS Key Term Questions 1 - 7

5. Key Terms CBR weapons - Retaliation - Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) weapons of mass destruction used in warfare To return like for like, especially evil for evil Unrestricted submarine warfare - Attack merchant shipping without first giving a warning

6. Key Terms Blockade - Quarantine (by warships) - The isolating, closing off, or surrounding of a place, as a port, harbor, or city, by hostile ships or troops to prevent entrance or exit A limited and selective form of naval blockade directed against specific cargo or contraband Contraband -All prohibited specific cargo

7. Key Terms Reprisal -Retaliation against an enemy, for injuries received, by the infliction of equal or greater injuries

8. Opening Question (Use CPS “Pick a Student“ for this question.) Discuss examples in U.S. history of sea warfare and battles fought at sea.

9. Warm Up Questions CPS Lesson Questions 1 - 2

10. War at Sea Land warfare - carried out primarily on the territory of one or several of the belligerents Sea warfare - mostly fought on the high seas

11. War at Sea High seas are open to lawful use by all nations. Conflicts of interest develop during wartime.

12. War at Sea The Hague Conventions forbid the laying of unanchored, automatic contact mines.

13. War at Sea Communist forces violated the conventions concerning mines in both the Korean and Vietnam wars. North Korea Vietnam The rules were again violated during the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s.

14. War at Sea Mine Warfare During Iraqi Freedom The rules were again violated during the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s. Contact Mines Look under the tarps and cut-away drums, you will find floating contact mines.

15. War at Sea Mines on wheels and rails are ready to deploy. Inside the container is a trap door leading to the inside of the barge. Container

16. War at Sea More contact mines and bottom-moored influence mines ready to be deployed. Contact Mines Bottom-Moored Influence Mines

17. Check On Learning Questions CPS Lesson Questions 3 - 4

18. War at Sea Only the President can authorize the use of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) weapons. Many nations train their forces in the use of these CBR weapons, along with many suspected terrorist organizations.

19. War at Sea In the absence of international laws, CBR weapons are subject to the general rules of humanity that govern the use of all weapons in wartime.

20. War at Sea In 1970 the United Nations prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in the deep seabed and ocean floor. Berlin Aerial or naval bombardment of undefended cities is absolutely forbidden by the rules.

21. War at Sea Both sides committed horrifying violations of this rule during World War II. London

22. War at Sea Special protection is granted under the rules of war. Hospitals Churches Museums

23. War at Sea Hospital ships and aircraft are also entitled to special protection by the Geneva Convention. USNS Comfort

24. War at Sea Warn vessel before sinking it. During World Wars I and II, both sides adopted unrestricted submarine warfare which is attacking a merchant ship without first giving a warning.

25. War at Sea Unrestricted submarine warfare is no longer a clear issue under international law. A blockade is isolating, closing off, or surrounding of a place, as a port, harbor, or city, by hostile ships or troops to prevent entrance or exit.

26. Check On Learning Questions CPS Lesson Questions 5 - 6

27. War at Sea Ships attempting to run the blockade must be captured.

28. War at Sea

29. The Caribbean Atlantic Ocean North America Cuba Venezuela South America Pacific Ocean

30. War at Sea A Search for Possible Contraband If a vessel resists or attempts to flee, a warship may use force to stop her and, if necessary, sink her.

31. Enforcement of the Law Wanted posters of Bosnia-Herzegovina War Criminals The most effective way to enforce the laws of war is to influence world opinion.

32. Enforcement of the Law Reprisal may be attempted, but not for revenge, and it must cease when the objective is achieved. Punishment of war crimes can be an effective deterrent against future violations of the laws of war. Nuremberg War Crimes Trial

33. Review Question (Use CPS “Pick a Student“ for this question.) Discuss tactics and methods used to enforce the laws of war in the high seas.

34. Closing Questions CPS Lesson Questions 7 - 8

35. Questions?