1. India and Pakistan
1945-present

2. Pre-partition map of India

3. Partition of India 1947

4. India begins as a socialist democracy.
Prime Minister Nehru wanted more equality for all Indians.
India based their new government and economy on the British Labour Party.
The Indian government took over ownership of major industries, transportation, and utilities.

5. Industry and Agriculture
Under Nehru, industrial production tripled between 1950 and 1965 in an effort to modernize the country.
Agricultural reforms came in the form of redistribution of land to the poor and encouraging small farmers to form larger cooperative farms.

6. Indira Gandhi
Nehru died in The Congress Party selected Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, to take over as prime minister.

7. Indira Gandhi continued her father’s socialist domestic policies.
Worried about India’s growing population. 400 million in Next two decades saw 2% increase every year.
Lack of food production was already a major issue for India.
Gandhi attempted to bring down the population growth through monetary rewards for not reproducing and sometimes enforced sterilization.

8. Green Revolution
In the 1970s researchers introduced new strains of rice and wheat that were more resistant to disease.
New strains needed more water and special fertilizer.
Only the wealthy farmers in India could afford the new fertilizer.
Millions of poor farmers driven off the land, moved to overcrowded cities where they lived in vast slums.

9. Slums in Calcutta, “the City of Joy.”

10. The Indian Village
Nearly 80% of the Indian population still live in traditional rural villages. Many still lack plumbing, electricity, and access to clean water supply.

11. Pakistan
Pakistan after its independence in 1947 consisted of two separate territories, West and East Pakistan.

12. Muhammed Ali Jinnah
He wanted a new state that was not led by Muslim extremists.
Jinnah wanted to put aside past problems with India.
Jinnah wanted to assure equality and freedom of religion for all who lived in Pakistan.
Jinnah died in 1948 only a year after Pakistan’s independence.

13. Pakistani division. Too many extremists and lack of leadership.
Pakistan became an Islamic republic in 1956.
Major internal division was between West and East Pakistan.
Many in East Pakistan felt ignored by the government based in the West.
In 1958 a military “coup” (takeover of the government) took place led by General Ayub Khan.

14. Pakistan under Ayub Khan.
Ayub Khan declared martial law to control extremists.
Constitution outlawed.
New more liberal Pakistan constitution written in 1965.
Reinstituted democracy in 1965 and elected President.

15. Indian-Pakistan War 1965
Border disputes in the northern Indian province of Kashmir resulted in Indian forces crossing the border into Pakistan.
Indian Kashmir has a Muslim majority population causing greater ethnic conflict in the region.

16. India had the superior forces but the U. S. and the U. S. S. R
India had the superior forces but the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. became involved so the war would not spiral out of control and bring in China who sided with Pakistan.
India and Pakistan were convinced by the superpowers to sign a cease-fire.

17. East Pakistan Independence
In 1971 negotiations broke down between representatives of West and East Pakistan.
East Pakistan declared independence and was renamed Bangladesh.

18. Another military regime (dictatorship) was in control during the breakup of Pakistan and Bangladesh.
This regime collapsed after the breakup.

19. A new civilian government took over led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
This was not to last.

20. Back to Extremism In 1977 Bhutto was ousted in another military coup.
Led by General Zia Ul Ha’k.
Zia wanted Islamic law to be the law of the land.
This regime lasted 11 years.

21. Democracy Returns In 1988 Zia was killed in a plane crash.
Democracy was again restored this time under the leadership of Bhutto’s daughter Benazir Bhutto.
She was the first female leader ever of a Muslim majority nation.

22. Ethnic and Religious Strife in India
After being voted out in 1977 on corruption charges in her government, Indira Gandhi was reelected two years later.
Militant Sikhs in the Punjab region of India demanded independence.
Gandhi ordered military force against the Sikh rebels killing 450 inside the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards as revenge for the killings.

23. Soon the Indian Congress Party convinced Indira’s son Rajiv Gandhi to be her successor.
Moved the economy out of its socialist nature. Private enterprise and foreign investment encouraged.
Corruption grew in Rajiv’s government and he too was assassinated in 1991 by terrorists.

24. Continued tension between Hindus and Muslims in India

25. Pakistani division continues.
Benazir Bhutto’s government faced corruption charges.
A military dictatorship overthrew Bhutto’s government. She fled to the U.S.
Attempted to control religious extremism but could not. Breeding ground for terrorism.
Mountainous region in Western Pakistan impossible to control. Tribal warlords control the area.
Bhutto returned to Pakistan in 2007 to seek election again and bring democracy back to Pakistan.
She was assassinated in a terrorist suicide bombing in December 2007.