1. Biotechnology & Applications of Genetic Engineering

2. Biotechnology Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

3. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species.

4. Some Technologies used in Biotechnology DNA Extraction Cutting DNA with Restriction Enzymes Gel Electrophoresis DNA Sequencing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Cloning Human Genome Project

5. 5 DNA Extraction Chemical treatmentsChemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst stickyThe DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture “spooling”This is called “spooling” DNA

6. 6 “Spooled” DNA

7. 7 Cutting DNA Restriction enzymesRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences manageable fragmentsUseful to divide DNA into smaller manageable fragments

8. 8 Electrophoresis size and chargeDNA can be separated based on size and charge phosphate groups negativelyThe phosphate groups are negatively charged gel electricityDNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

9. 9 Gel Electrophoresis Negative DNANegative DNA moves toward the positive end Smallerfarther and fasterSmaller fragments move farther and faster

10. 10 Gel Electrophoresis

13. DNA Fingerprinting

16. 16 DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

17. DNA Sequencing

18. 18 Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

20. Cloning A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell. In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Dolly and Bonnie

21. Cloning

22. Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall http://resources.edb.gov.hk/biology/english/images/genetics/panda.gif

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems. –Abnormal gene expression –“old” DNA

24. 24 Human Genome Project Started in 1990 and ended in 2003 sequenced all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Mapped every gene location Conducted by scientists around the world

25. How much data make up the human genome? 3 pallets with 40 boxes per pallet x 5000 pages per box x 5000 bases per page = 3,000,000,000 bases!

26. 26 HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins Other 98% are non-coding Humans have only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) Same as the number of genes in a mouse! About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide

27. 27 Benefits of Human Genome Project Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

28. Transgenic Organisms An organism described as transgenic, contains genes from other species. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall http:// http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/handouts/c17 x5transgenic-tobacco.jpg http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/handouts/D.zebra.htm

29. Transgenic Organisms Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology. –Transgenic animals and plants –The Human Genome Project –The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and pesticides –Engineered bacteria that can clean up toxic wastes –Cloning Organ replacement Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

30. Transgenic Organisms Transgenic bacteria produce important substances useful for health and industry. Transgenic bacteria have been used to produce: –insulin –growth hormone –clotting factor Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall BIOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS 4th Edition, by Campbell, Reece, Mitchell, and Taylor, ©2003.

32. Transgenic Organisms Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply. Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans. This allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cmed&part=A9538

33. Transgenic Animals Nils Lonberg, director at Medarex, bred two genetically modified mice, creating a mouse with a humanized immune system. In response to disease- causing agents, these mice make human antibodies in their cells, some of which might be developed into drugs. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/critters/source/4.htm

34. Transgenic Organisms Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/agcomm/magazine/spring03/images/transgenic1.jpg

35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply. Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides.

36. Transgenic Plants Bt Corn –Engineering resistant corn. Following the insertion of a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, corn becomes resistant to corn borer infection. This allows farmers to use fewer insecticides http://www.scq.ubc.ca/bt-corn-is-it-worth-the-risk/ http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/semin ar/2004/GMevents/LH/cornear.jpg

37. “Golden rice” has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene –This rice could help prevent vitamin A deficiency Figure 12.18B

38. Other Applications of Genetic Engineering Genetically modified poultry to grow quicker and without feathers.

39. Other Applications of Genetic Engineering Genetically modified salmon for greater muscle production

40. Other Applications of Genetic Engineering Genetically modified fruits and vegetables that resist pests, cold and heat.

41. Other Applications of Genetic Engineering Stem Cell research to cure human genetic disorders and diseases

42. Other Applications of Genetic Engineering

47. Our new genetic knowledge will affect our lives in many ways The deciphering of the human genome, in particular, raises profound ethical issues –Many scientists have counseled that we must use the information wisely DNA technology raises important ethical questions Figure 12.21A-C

48. Genetic engineering involves some risks –Possible ecological damage from pollen transfer between GM and wild crops –Pollen from a transgenic variety of corn that contains a pesticide may stunt or kill monarch caterpillars Could transgenics harm human health or the environment? Figure 12.20A, B