1. Reading and Writing Lesson 8

2. Re: Save the date!! Final test …. Wednesday 8th June 14.00 – 16.00 Somewhere in Via Laura

3. Anyone who has Linguistics or Russian on 8th June – I need your names and you can take the test on Thursday 9th June. ONLY FOR THE ABOVE STUDENTS

4. Laboratorio Lecture Thursday 26 May 11 – 13 Room 9 VSR Sign up on Moodle (not open yet)

5. Your topic choice FOCUS

6. Ask yourselves Why are we WRITING about this? What will the READERS gain? Where is the DEBATE/CONTROVERSY/ DISCUSSION/POLEMIC? Where is the RESEARCH? Do we have AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES? Where is the CRITICAL THINKING? Where does OUR OPINION emerge?

7. Introductions Topic of essay Examples defining discussion and clarifying precise area Intentions

8. Conclusions Restate main ideas Point out findings Indicate implications / possible future situation

9. Writing a Paper You are writing a research paper. It has to contain evidence of external referencing to authoritative sources. In other words, there should be many instances of in-text citation which correspond to your references.

10. Authoritative sources What do we mean by this? Information written by a person or published by an organisation that we feel we can trust. What do we mean by ‘trust’?

11. Look for evidence of: author’s name / name of organisation or institution / name of publisher Consult the ‘About Us’ section In which country was it published? Does that affect the purpose? Is it intended to inform / persuade / misinform?

12. In-text citation: quoting According to Smith (1998), “ … ” (p. 32). For quotations of fewer than forty words, use quotation marks as above. Longer quotations should be freestanding with BOTH margins indented and no quotation marks.

13. ‘Altering’ quotations Sometimes we have to ‘alter’ quotations to make them fit the structure of our sentence. Any such changes should be signalled to the reader by the use of square brackets.

14. Square brackets Use [ ] around any words you need to add to clarify the grammatical sense. Use [ … ] for words you want to omit if a quotation is very long. Use [sic] when the original quotation contains an error to show you have copied it correctly and are aware of the mistake.

15. Section headings You may need to number sub-sections within a section. 1. Notebooks 1.1 Organisation 1.2 Contents 2. Dictionaries 3. Corpora

16. Dates Your topic will dictate to what extent you need to consult recent sources. For any ongoing event / current situation you will be expected to be as well- informed as possible.

17. Dates When was the information published? Look for the publication date or last updated date. Is it still useful? Has it been updated? Does the ‘About Us’ section provide information about the updating policy?

18. Fonts and sizes Titles: Times New Roman 16 Subtitles: Times New Roman 14 Text: Times New Roman 12 Double space all text Indent paragraphs Do not double the space between paragraphs (see Word doc: Sample page)

19. Cover page Font size here will need to be much bigger than TNR 16. Accordingly, all other details will use a size that is in proportion to the title, without distracting from the title itself.

20. Titles Purpose: attract reader’s attention, make them curious, focus on subject. Tend to be telegraphic, using a colon where the information that follows it explains the first part. Capitalise the first word only.

21. Example titles Expectations and reality: a case study of return migration from the United States to Southern Italy The role of the underground economy in irregular migration to Italy: cause or effect? Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills

22. Group work Think of your topic Work on key words that you feel need to be in your title to clarify the content to the reader. Write down some possibilities and decide which one is most suitable. Obviously, the title may require revision once you have written the content.

23. Language work In groups of two and three: P. 102 - read the information box do exs, 1-3 P. 103 - read the information box do exs. 1, 2

24. Answers P. 102 1. slowdown4. breakup 2. build-up5. drawback 3. outburst6. runaround 1 – 4: similar meanings 6: different word order 5: noun = disadvantage / vb = to move away 6: noun = delay meant to frustrate vb = to be very busy

25. Answers P. 103 1. For hurting 6. from criticizing 2. about not being 7. s/one not to raise 3. s/one to have 8. s/one for saying 4. you to diasgree 9. from turning 5. you of not listening

26. Homework Moodle  my section Reading and Writing Read Word documents: CL paper general considerations 2016 CL paper checking your work 2016 Sample page 2016 See PP slides Compiling references 2016 Contents will be discussed in the last lesson. Progress report on CL paper