1. Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology Mass Transfer Operation I

2. Concept of HETP, HTU and NTU
Prepared By :-
Bhavik Mahant
Enrolment no:
Guided By:-
Mr. Yashwant Bhalerao

3. Outline of Presentation
Introduction of HETP
Disadvantages of HETP
Concept
Packing Height : The Method of Transfer Units
Liquid & Gas phase
Software
Case study
References

4. Introduction of HETP HETP is a height equivalent to theoretical plate.
As we have noted, instead of a tray (plate) column, a packed column can be used for various unit operations such as continuous or batch distillation, or gas absorption.
With a tray column, the vapours leaving an ideal plate will be richer in the more volatile component than the vapour entering the plate by one equilibrium "step".

5. When packings are used instead of trays, the same enrichment of the vapour will occur over a certain height of packings, and this height is termed the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP).
As all sections of the packings are physically the same, it is assumed that one equilibrium (theoretical) plate is represented by a given height of packings.
Thus the required height of packings for any desired separation is given by (HETP x No. of ideal trays required).

6. HETP values are complex functions of -
– pressure
– temperature
– composition
– density
– viscosity
– diffusivity
– pressure drop
– vapour and/or liquid flowrates
– packing characteristics, etc

7. Why?????? In industrial practice, the HETP concept is used to convert
empirically the number of theoretical trays to packing height.
Most data have been derived from small-scale
operations and they do not provide a good guide to the
values which will be obtained on full-scale plant.
This method had been largely replaced by the Method of Transfer Units.
Why??????

8. Disadvantages of HETP
Empirical correlations, though available to calculate the values of HETP, are restricted to limited applications.
The main difficulty lies in the failure to account for the fundamentally different action of tray and packed columns.

9. Concept
For a specified separation job, in packed tower, the height of packing is to be determined and in tray tower, numbers of ideal trays are determined.
The ratio between packing height to number of trays required for the same separation is called height equivalent to theoretical plate (HETP).

10. HETP varies with size and type of packing, flow rate of gas and liquid, concentration of solute, physical and transport properties as well as equilibrium relationship and uniformity of liquid and gas distribution.

12. The mass transfer rate for h height can be expressed as
(a)((((9 (A)
(1)
as (y-y*)av is taken as log mean gas phase gas phase driving force from A to B across nth tray.

13. From the figure,
(2)
(3)
From equation (1) & (3),

14. From equation (A) we can find the value of H,
Hence, the same separation is achieved for h height in packed tower and in the nth tray which is equal to HETP.
where, H toG is height of overall gas phase transfer unit. 𝑆 is stripping factor =𝑚𝐺/𝐿/=1𝐴 and m is Henry’s law constant. HETP is used to characterize packing. A good packing has small HETP.

15. Packing Height : The Method of Transfer Units
The number of transfer units (NTU) required is a measure of the difficulty of the separation.
A single transfer unit gives the change of composition of one of the phases equal to the average driving force producing the change.
The NTU is similar to the number of theoretical trays required for tray column.
Hence, a larger number of transfer unit will be required for a very high purity product.

16. The height of a transfer unit (HTU) is a measure of the separation effectiveness of the particular packings for a particular separation process.
The more efficient the mass transfer (i.e. larger mass transfer coefficient), the smaller the value of HTU.
The values of HTU can be estimated from empirical correlations or pilot plant tests, but the applications are rather restricted.

17. The calculation of packing height follows the same nomenclature as before and this is shown in the Figure below

18. There are two types of basis for determination of packing height.
Gas phase
Liquid phase

19. Gas phase
For the Gas-phase, we have:
z = NOG x HOG

20. The values of y1* and y2* can be obtained from the equilibrium line (y1 - y1*) is the concentration difference driving force for mass transfer in the gas phase at point 1 (bottom of column) and (y2 - y2*) is the concentration difference driving force for mass transfer in the gas phase at point 2 (top of column).

21. The values of y1* and y2* can be obtained from the equilibrium line.
Alternatively, equilibrium values y1* and y2* can also be calculated using Henry's Law ( y = m x, where m is the gradient) which is used to represents the equilibrium relationship at dilute conditions.
Thus, we have: y1* = m x1; y2* = m x2

22. Liquid Phase
Similarly for the liquid-phase we have:
z = NOL x HOL

23. (x1* - x1) is the concentration difference driving force for mass transfer in the liquid phase at point 1 (bottom of column) and (x2* - x2) is the concentration difference driving force for mass transfer in the liquid phase at point 2 (top of column).

25. Software
Screenshots of using software of Packed column designing.

29. Case study

30. Calculation of efficiency of packed column in multi component system

33. References Books: Mass transfer operation by Trybal
Mass transfer and Separation Techniques by Binay K. Dutta
Articles & URLs:
Pack Column Calculator Software
Efficient method for packed column separation performance, Neste engineering, Finland.