1. Urban Stress

2. URBAN STRESS #1: POOR HOUSING Slum in Manila (Philippines)Port-au-Prince (Haiti) Apartment complexes in Hong Kong (China) © 2011 Antoine Delaitre2

3. URBAN STRESS #2: CONGESTION Rush hour in Los Angeles“Go-Slow” in Lagos (Nigeria) Rapid transit (“RER”) in greater Paris area Streets in the center of London (UK) © 2011 Antoine Delaitre3

4. URBAN STRESS #3: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS (“Brown Agenda”) São Paulo (Brazil) Beijing (China)Riverbanks of the Nile (Sudan) An “outhouse” in Bangladesh © 2011 Antoine Delaitre4

5. URBAN STRESS #4: SOCIAL PROBLEMS Caracas (Venezuela) Family in India Belfast, Northern Ireland (UK) © 2011 Antoine Delaitre5

6. Types of urban stress ENVIRONMENTAL AND URBAN STRESS Poor housing Poor housing can be a major problem (LEDC): Quality: water, sanitation, electricity, square footage per person, reliable construction (antiseismic, etc) Quantity: supply/demand (e.g. Hong Kong) Affordability: slums vs affluent neighborhoods (e.g. Lima) Security of tenure: ownership vs rental vs squatting (Mexico City) Congestion MEDCs: Reliance on private cars rather than public transportation + competition for street space between traffic, parking, bike lanes, pedestrian zones, roadwork  congestion (Los Angeles, London) Lack of efficient traffic flow control (Los Angeles) Abundance of cars  air + noise pollution Urban sprawl + public transportation to/from CBD but not adapted to inter-suburb transit between suburban edge cities  long commute (SF Bay, Paris) Medieval streets not adapted to traffic (London) LEDCs: Lack of urban planning, street organization and strict traffic regulations  congestion (e.g. “go-slows” in Lagos) No traffic flow control (Lima, Bangkok) Many vehicles in poor condition  air + noise pollution Urban growth > growth of transportation network  very long commute Lack of public funding  unregulated + dysfunctional transportation network (e.g. Ouagadougou, Lagos) Environmental problems “Brown Agenda” “Brown Agenda” = range of environmental problems in LEDC: Problems linked to lack of land (Rio), water (Mexico City), green spaces (Sao Paulo) and public services (lack of trash collection in Cairo or Dhaka) Problems linked to pollution: water, air (China), soil, toxic waste (e.g. 1984 industrial pollution in Bhopal, India: 4,000+ deaths) Inequalities and social problems Some common social problems in Third World cities include: Difficult access to services for underclass (e.g. education, health, banking) Ethnic/religious discrimination  socio-eco polarization (Belfast, Jerusalem, Johannesburg) Poverty + limited police presence  Crime (e.g. Caracas) © 2011 Antoine Delaitre6