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Chapter 11.1 Early Civilizations of Africa
Sahara Desert—largest desert in the world One of the many geographic features that played a role in Africa’s development. 2nd largest continent Wide range of climates—equator Vegetation—rain forest Terrains—desert, Mt. Kilimanjaro
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Chapter 11 vocab 5 pics, 5 similes
Savanna 1 desertification 1 Cataracts 1 commodity 2 Surplus 2 Swahili 3 Matrilineal 4 patrilineal 4 Lineage 4 nuclear family 4
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Vocab exercise: ¼ sheets
Commodity Surplus _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe each term. Use each term in a sentence.
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Focus Q: Nov. See map page 342. Describe Africa’s geography. Different regions? Where are they? How did geography impact the movement of people?
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Focus Q: Dec. 8 What is hope? Is hope important?
Why do you have hope? Where does hope come from? How do you combat hopelessness? Any comments on hope?
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Key West latitude
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Geographic Patterns Vegetation Regions—effect how people live and make a living Tropical rain forest—along the equator ***Savannas—where most of the population is North/south of equator, grassy plains*** 3. Deserts—north/south of savannas
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Mt. Kilimanjaro
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Geographic Patterns Also influence cultural development—barriers or highways 1. Barriers Deserts, rain forest, high plateaus, rivers w/ ***cataracts (waterfalls)*** 2. Highways—for trade Savannas, Great Rift Valley, Med. and Red Seas
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Blue Nile Cataracts
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1st cataract
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4th Cataract: rocky, rapids
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Resources Spur Trade Much mineral wealth: gold, salt, copper, iron 1. Trade hindered by deserts until camels **camels: “ships of the desert,” revolutionize trade across the Sahara** From Asia, carry heavy loads 20-30 miles/day, often w/o water
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1 hump (Dromedary) or 2 hump (Bactrian)
7 ft. tall, up to 2000 lbs. Carry lbs
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transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north
and the belt of humid savannas to the south
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Great Basin Mojave Sonoran Chihuahuan
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People and Ideas Migrate
Evidence that Africa is home to our earliest ancestors They migrated, in spite of, geographic barriers all over Africa and beyond
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The Sahara Dries Out Early Africans were hunter/gatherers By 5500 B.C. were cultivating Nile Valley, domesticating animals Ancient rock paintings show the Sahara was a savanna (grassland) 2500 B.C. climate changes ***Desertification—climate dries out, prompts migration of Neolithic peoples***
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Nubia (Kush) Flourishes Along the Nile
Trade led to contact, and rivalry, btwn Nubia and Egypt Nubia under Egyptian control for 500 years Get independence (1100 BC) and conquer Egypt later (730 BC) ***Nubians adopt many Egyptian traditions***
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Meroe Masters Trade and Iron
Meroe: capital of Nubia Location allows it to be trade center Control north/south trade on Nile and east/west from Red Sea to North Africa Send gold, ivory, animal skins, slaves to Mediterranean World and SE Asia
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Expanding Networks: Routes On the map are some of the goods traded along the Afroeurasian networks.
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Meroe Masters Trade and Iron
Resources help it to dominate the region Timber, iron ore 1. ***Smelting furnaces make iron tools, weapons*** Feed, control, defend the kingdom
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Outside Influences Affect North Africa
Rome and Carthage (Roman city-states) fight a the Punic Wars (3) from B.C. Rome wins and occupies a narrow strip of land btwn the Mediterranean and Sahara ***Rome uses Africa as a granary to feed the Roman Empire***
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