1. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no Chapter 1: Small Islands – Big Horizons Main Developments in British History

2. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no The Civil War to the First World War (pp. 20-35)  AThe Civil War and Finding a Balance  BThe United Kingdom and Empire  CIndustrialization and reform  DThe Victorian Age and decline

3. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no A.1 The Civil War  Civil War between King Charles I and Parliament  Charles I beheaded and monarchy ended  Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth  Parliament restores the monarchy

4. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no A.2 Finding a Balance  Parliament and Protestants in conflict with the House of Stuart  Catholic James II replaced by Protestant William and Mary  Queen Anne last of Stuart monarchs by act of Parliament  Constitutional monarchy established with Protestant House of Hanover

5. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no B.1 The United Kingdom  Act of Union of England and Scotland unites nations (1707)  Ireland occupied by English, colonized by Scottish Protestants  Irish Catholic rebellions  Parliament creates The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801)

6. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no B.2 The Empire  Trading posts become centres of control  Colonies established and expanded abroad  French defeated in North America  Napoleon defeated in Europe

7. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no C.1 Industrialisation  Enlightenment brings scientific insights  New inventions increase production  Better health care increases population  Free-market economy develops

8. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no C.1 Reform  New industrial working class suffers misery  Chartists petition for democratic change rejected  Liberal Party promotes reform measures  Growing middle class increasingly powerful

9. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no D.1 The Victorian Age  The United Kingdom strongest European power  35% of industrial production in world in Britain  Parliamentarianism promotes democracy at home  Balance-of-power promotes Pax Britannia abroad

10. © 2008 http://access.cappelen.no D.2 The Victorian Age  Relative strength of UK decreases  United Germany challenges balance-of- power  UK enters into alliances  The First World War begins (1914)