2. How We Study History History- The study of the past There are two types of people who study history Historians: learn from written sources Primary source: written by people who were there Secondary source: written by people who learned their information from a primary source Archaeologists: learn from things that people leave behind Artifacts: objects that are made by humans Fossils: the ancient remains of things that once lived

3. Timelines Purpose of a timeline: Used to show the dates when events occur and their relationship to one another Many dates have A.D. or B.C. before or after them What does this mean? B.C. – “Before Christ” These years are counted BACKWARDS from the year 0 A.D.- “Anno Domini” Means “the year of our Lord” in Latin The year 0 is believed to be the year Jesus was born These years are counted FORWARDS from the year 0 Calendar system created by the Catholic church

4. How to Read a Map Relative location Location of a place relative to the location of another place Ex. North of San Diego is Los Angeles Absolute location Absolute location uses lines of latitude and longitude to find a place’s exact point on the Earth (global grid) Latitude: 0°-90°N or S of the Equator (imaginary line @ 0°) Longitude: 0°-180° E or W of the Prime Meridian (imaginary line @ 0° that runs through Greenwich, England)

5. What is a map projection? Map projection: a way of showing the round Earth on a flat surface This can cause distortion (a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map)

6. Elements on a Map #1 There are various types of maps (Thematic, Physical, Political, etc.) A map legend or map key explains the meaning of the symbols used on a map Map scale: shows how a unit of distance on the map (such as an inch) relates to the actual distance on the surface of the Earth

7. Elements on A Map #2 Map grid: system of imaginary lines to divide up space on a map Global grid: divides up the surface of the Earth on maps using latitude and longitude lines Compass rose: diagram on a map that shows cardinal direction (north, south, east and west)

8. Continents and Oceans Oceans Four big bodies of water that make-up our world Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Indian Ocean Continents Seven big landmasses that make-up our world North America South America Europe Africa Asia Australia Antarctica

9. World Hemispheres The world is broken into four parts: Northern Hemisphere North Pole Southern Hemisphere Antarctica Western Hemisphere North America South America Eastern Hemisphere Europe Africa Asia Australia