1. 1 CM 220 Unit 4 Seminar General Education, Composition Kaplan University

2. Big Mistakes in Research Projects A paper without research A paper that is nothing but research (called a “research quilt”) Instead, attempt to follow the 80/20 guideline – roughly 80% of the paper is your own writing and ideas; 20% comes from research No attempt at any citation format To see what you’re shooting for, please read example research papers

3. Finding Credible Sources Library databases Online journals Googlescholar.com Look for sources with known authors, reputable publishers, cited sources Always verify information Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable sources 3

4. Ways to plagiarize Not citing quotations, paraphrases, or summaries (any time you use their words or just their ideas) Not giving a reference page Forgetting quotation marks around their direct words Paraphrasing too close to the original wording “research quilt” mistake Copying a whole paper or parts of one

5. Citing those sources Giving credit to sources helps to build credibility. Show your readers you are honest. Give reader necessary information to find sources and do further research Giving credit helps avoid issues with plagiarism. No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited. List sources alphabetically in the References page. Cite within the paper where you use these sources-show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS. 5

6. Plagiarism worries This class is meant to help you learn APA, not “catch” you plagiarizing. Turnitin.com The WC never checks for plagiarism, nor turns students in to the plagiarism review board. I will only turn in blatant plagiarism to the plagiarism board (a totally copied paper, a “research quilt” mistake, a paper with no attempt at citations) Read the KU plagiarism policy In the future, you’ll be held responsible for any plagiarism at all, even accidental.

7. WHAT IS APA? American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. Most Kaplan courses require it. Guides the layout of the document Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text 7

8. There are 2 parts of APA research style, and both must work together In-text citations Reference page “ Tags” to lead readers to the full information about a research source. Only sources that have been cited in the paper can be on the reference page (even if you read more sources). List the full information about a research source. Every source given in the text must be listed on the reference page.

9. Format for in-text citations Never guess how to cite. Look up every type of source every time in the Ku Handbook for Writers. Your do not need to memorize anything for APA. No real“learning”; just figure out where to find the information. Usual format is (author’s last name, year of publication). If there is no author, use the title of the article or website. If you are citing a quotation, add the page (or paragraph) number at the end as well, so people can find it. Never use the web address in a citation.

10. Examples of citations Normal Paraphrase: Cola-cola is now the biggest cola company (Smith, 2009). Paraphrase in a source without an author: Cola-cola is now the biggest cola company: (“Coca-Cola Comes Clean,” 2009). Paraphrase without a date: Coca-cola is now the biggest cola company (Smith, n.d.). Quotation on a page: “I love cheesecake” (Millard, 2009, P. 79). Quotation in a source without pages: “I love cheesecake” (Millard, 2009, para. 6).

11. References page formatting Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters. Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner. Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces). Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals. 11

12. Example reference page References About APA style. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html. Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students avoid plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), 112-115. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal, 33(15), 24-30. from Professional Development Collection database. What you need to know about plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved from Kaplan University: http://kucampus.kaplan.edu/DocumentStore/kupdocs/pdf/D ocsForms/ku_plagiarism.pdf. http://kucampus.kaplan.edu/DocumentStore/kupdocs/pdf/D ocsForms/ku_plagiarism.pdf

13. Using those Sources Remember that sources help YOU to defend YOUR ideas. That means you should first begin with YOUR ideas. Consider drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas. Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources. Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space-use information that is directly relevant to your argument. If it is not relevant, do not use it. Interact with and analyze source information 13

14. 3 ways to use sources Quote Summarize Paraphrase ALL require citations! 14

15. Using quotations Use them very sparingly and keep them as short as possible! Instead, increase the originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language. Better to paraphrase most of the time. Often leads to the “research quilt.” Must use quotation marks to CAREFULLY mark their words Quote exactly from the source.

16. Using quotations Please read about this in the WC tutorial on how to use quotations. It is best to introduce your quotations with an attribution: According to leading researcher David Smith (2009), “The epidemic will have wide-spread consequences” (p. 78).

17. What is paraphrasing? Taking source ideas and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed Paraphrasing does not simply change a few words. 17

18. Paraphrasing/summarizing You are putting the research ideas TOTALLY into your own words – not changing a word here or there, and not simply substituting synonyms. Cover up the original and put their ideas into your own words without even looking at how theirs is written. You still must cite, since they are still research ideas.

19. How to PARAPHRASE Decide where you need to include source information in your writing. Locate the source that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting. Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open. Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words. Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words. Cite the source. 19

20. Quote to paraphrase/summarize According to environmental scientist Steven Smith (2004)and his research team, “Within our brief lifetimes, we have already seen the elimination of biodiversity in many ecosystems through elimination of species. This has been directly linked to the actions of human beings and our effect on our surrounding ecosystems” (p. 188).

21. Paraphrase Scientists have explained that human action has negatively affected our environment (Smith, 2004).

22. Quote to paraphrase/summarize As psychologist David Lugas (2009) claims, “Children of divorced families do show some significant differences from their married-parent peers, such as lower reading test scores, more instances of violence in school, and a higher divorce rate themselves as adults” (p. 90).

23. Children of divorced parents do show some negative effects from the experience (Lugas, 2009).