1. Follow these directions: 1.Write down your HW. 2.Clear your desk off of everything but a writing utensil.

2. Follow these directions: 1.Write down your HW. 2.Staple the pink cover sheet ON TOP OF your prep. poem. Is your name on it? 3.Clear your desk off of all other materials.

3. Today you will learn… The difference between the following structures: a sentence, a phrase, and a clause.

4. But first, a review: What is the difference between a sentence and a phrase?

5. SentencePhrase SentencePhrase A group of words with a subject and predicate that make a complete thought. A group of words that acts as one part of speech; it does not contain both a subject and a predicate.

6. Clause: a group of words with a subject AND a predicate

7. Unless it rains today Clause example #1

8. Although his zipper broke Clause example #2

9. When the teacher fainted Clause example #3

10. Wait a minute… Did you notice that each of those clauses left you hanging? Did you find yourself saying, “Go on. Finish your thought”? That’s the natural reaction because none of those clauses expresses a complete thought. They were all dependent clauses!

11. Dependent Clauses A clause that expresses an incomplete or partial thought. It is not a complete sentence; it can’t stand on its own. –Why? It depends on another group of words to express a complete thought.

12. unless it rains today We are going on a picnic

13. Although his zipper broke, he wore the pants anyway.

14. When the teacher fainted, I called Mrs. Scheibe.

15. All of those added groups of words can stand on their own… –We are going on a picnic. –I called Mrs. Scheibe. –He wore them anyway. independent clausesThese are independent clauses !

16. Independent Clauses A clause that expresses a complete thought; it can stand on its own. Does NOT depend on another group of words to express a complete thought (hence the name independent).

17. Identify a dependent clause (DC) and an independent clause (IC) : 1.The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles returned to battle. ICDC –The Trojans were winning the war until Achilles returned to battle. 2. When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words moved everyone in the audience. DCIC –When Sojourner Truth spoke, her powerful words moved everyone in the audience.

18. Let’s add on… subordinating conjunctionsDependent Clauses begin with words like if, whether, since, when, etc. These are called subordinating conjunctions.

19. Common Subordinating Conjunctions: after although as as if as much as as though because before how if in order that provided since so that than that though unless until when whenever where wherever While whether

20. Subordinating Conjunctions… might be located in between the clauses it joins: –I gasped when I saw the headline. ICDC might be located at the beginning of a sentence: –When I saw the headline, I gasped. DCIC

21. Comma Rule: Subordinating conjunction + dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence = comma before the independent clause. Ex: When I saw the headline, I gasped. DC IC

22. Find the dependent and independent clause. Decide if a comma is needed. 1.While some scientists map the human genome others map the genes of worms. 2.After they had worked for about eight years scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s genes. 3.Scientists can learn much from this particular worm because it shares many genes with humans.

23. Where would you put a comma? 1.While some scientists map the human genome, others map the genes of worms. 2.After they had worked for about eight years, scientists had sequenced 99 percent of a worm’s genes. 3.Scientists can learn much from this particular worm because it shares many genes with humans. ( No comma needed because the dependent clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence.)

24. A word can be multiple parts of speech…

25. NOTE: subordinating conjunctionsSome words can be used as either prepositions or as subordinating conjunctions : Example: –After the election, we celebrated. –After we won the election, we celebrated. –Which is which? How do you know?

26. Answer Explained: –Prepositional Phrase: After the election, we celebrated. Prepositions begin prepositional phrases which do not contain a subject and/or a predicate. –Dependent Clause: After we won the election, we celebrated. Subordinating conjunctions begin dependent clauses which contain a subject and a predicate.

27. Practice: Which sentence includes a dependent clause and which sentence includes a prepositional phrase? 1. Before dinner we wash our hands. 2. Before we eat dinner, we wash our hands. 1. Charlie will wait here until sunset. 2. Charlie will wait here until we finish the test.

28. Answers: Before dinner we wash our hands. –prepositional phrase with no subject and verb. As prepositions, they introduce a prepositional phrase without a subject and verb: Before we eat dinner, we wash our hands. –dependent clause with subject we and verb eat As conjunctions, they introduce a dependent clause containing a subject and verb:

29. Answers: 1. Charlie will wait here until sunset. –Prepositional phrase UNTIL is a preposition and SUNSET is its object 2. Charlie will wait here until we finish the test. –Dependent Clause UNTIL is a subordinating conjunction that connects the independent clause to the dependent clause.

30. Ticket Out: Define the following structures highlighting their similarities and differences: 1.Sentence 2.Phrase 3.Clause

31. Sentence PhraseClause Sentence PhraseClause A group of words with a subject and predicate that make a complete thought. A group of words that acts as one part of speech; it does not contain both a subject and a predicate. It is NOT a complete thought. A group of words with a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. A dependent clause is NOT a complete thought.