1. Cardiovascular System

2. Functions of the Cardiovascular System  Transport nutrients and O2 to body  Transport waste from cells to kidneys for excretion  Distribute hormones & antibodies  Help control body temp  Help maintain homeostasis

3. Types of Circulation  Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2 poor blood to lungs where CO2 exchanged for O2  Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2 rich blood to body  Hepatic: blood from intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, spleen through liver to remove toxins from blood

4. Heart Structures  Heart:  hollow muscular organ  4 chambers  In thoracic cavity between lungs  Tilted slightly to left  Contains own blood supply

5. Heart Structures  Atria  Two upper chambers of the heart  R atrium receives low oxygenated blood from body  L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs

6. Heart Structures  Ventricles  Lower chambers of heart  Pumping chambers  Pump under high pressure

7. Heart Structures  Myocardial Septum  Separating wall or partition of heart chambers in right and left halves

8. Heart Valves  Atrioventricular  Tricuspid valve  between right atrium and right ventricle  Mitral or bicuspid valve  between left atrium and left ventricle

9. Heart Valves  Semilunar  Pulmonary valve  Between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery  Aortic valve  Between left ventricle and aorta

10. Heart Structures  Pericardium  Double membrane covering heart  Outer fibrous layer  Inner watery layer- epicardium  Provides protection

11. Heart Structures  Myocardium  Muscular  Pumps blood  Endocardium  Smooth inner layer  Prevents damage to blood cells

12. Path of Blood Through Heart  Low O2 blood from body to superior & inferior vena cava  Right atrium  Tricuspid valve  Right ventricle  Pulmonary valve  Pulmonary arteries  Lungs  O2 blood from lungs  Pulmonary veins  Left atrium  Mitral valve  Left ventricle  Aortic valve  Aorta  Body

13. How the Heart Contracts  Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)  Natural pacemaker  Atrioventricular node (AV node)  Bundle of His  Purkinje fibers  Surround ventricles  Causes contractions  Normal heart rate: 60-90 beats per minute (bpm)

14. Main Blood Vessels  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries

15. Circulation  Arteries  Carry blood AWAY from the heart  Largest artery: Aorta  Carry O2 blood except for pulmonary arteries  Muscular layers withstand high pressure  Divide into smaller branches called arterioles which connect to capillaries

16. Circulation  Capillaries  Connect arterioles and venules  Smallest vessels-one cell thick  Allows exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

17. Circulation  Veins  Carry blood to heart  Largest: superior & inferior vena cava  Carry low oxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins  Branch into smaller venules  Have one way valves to prevent back flow of blood

18. Assessment Techniques  Measuring pulse and blood pressure  Listening to heart sounds  Determining cardiac output  Measuring muscle activity with electrocardiography  Inserting a cardiac catheter  Using echocardiography

19. Pulse  The pressure of the blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the heart beats and rests  More easily felt in arteries that lie close to skin and pressed against bone

20. Pulse Points 1. Temporal-temple 2. Carotid-neck-emergencies 3. Brachial-inner aspect of elbow-B/P 4. Radial-wrist-most common site for pulse 5. Femoral-groin 6. Popliteal-knee 7. Pedal-top of foot

21. Pulse Rates  Noted as number beats per minute  Varies due to age, sex, body size  Adult: 60-90  Men: 60-70  Women: 70-80  Children  >7: 72-90  1-7: 80-120  Infants: 90-140

22. Factors Affecting Pulse Rate  Increased rates:  Exercise/excitement  Stimulant drugs  Shock  Nervous tension  Decreased rates:  Sleep  Depressant drugs  Heart disease  Coma

23. Blood Pressure  Force of blood against walls of arteries  Systolic pressure:  When heart contracts  Normal range: 90-140  Diastolic pressure:  When heart relaxed  Normal range: <100  Written as fraction:  Systolic over diastolic  Normal: <120/80 mmHg

24. Individual Factors Influencing B/P  Increase:  Excitement, anxiety, nervous tension  Stimulant drugs  Exercise and eating  Decrease:  Rest or sleep  Depressant drugs  Excessive blood loss

25. Disorders of CV System

26. Aneurysm  Aneurysm  enlargement of the wall of an artery  Most likely to occur in large blood vessels

27. Atherosclerosis  Accumulation of fat in vessels causing narrowing  Mainly coronary arteries  Leads to hardening and thickening of arterial walls: arteriosclerosis  Leads to hypertension

28. Cardiovascular Disease  AKA: Coronary Artery Disease  Combined effects of arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension

29. Hypertension  AKA: high blood pressure; the silent killer  Causes:  Unknown  Hereditary  CAD  Symptoms:  None  Headaches  Dizziness  Shortness of breath

30. Myocardial Infarction  AKA: heart attack  Causes:  Obstruction of blood vessels results in tissue death  Symptoms:  Persistent chest pain  Nausea  Dizziness  Profuse sweating  Will lead to cardiac arrest if not treated

31. Phlebitis  Inflammation of the veins  May form a clot (thrombus)  Cause:  Damage to vessel wall due to prolonged sitting or standing

32. Varicose Veins  Veins become enlarged & ineffective  Causes:  Prolonged standing  Pregnancy  Obesity  Malformed valves

33. Blood and Blood cells

34. Blood and Blood cells  Average adult has 5-6 liters of blood which circulates every 20 seconds  Composition  78% water  22% Various solids

35. Function of Blood 1. transporting nutrients, oxygen & hormones 2. removing metabolic wastes and CO2 3. providing immunity (resistance to disease) through antibodies 4. maintaining body temperature and electrolyte balance 5. clotting to prevent bleeding from a wound

36. Blood  Blood divides into solid and liquid portions when spun in a centrifuge  Solid parts are called formed elements  Erythrocytes - Red blood cells (RBC’s)  Leukocytes - White blood cells (WBC’s)  Thrombocytes – platelets  The remaining liquid is composed of the buffy coat (mixture of WBC’s and platelets) and plasma

37. Blood and Blood cells  Plasma  Pale yellow fluid portion of blood  Make up 90% H2O, 10% protein  Contains special proteins that help blood to clot  Contains carbohydrates, proteins gases, hormones, enzymes, minerals, and waste products

38. Types of blood cells

39. Erythrocytes  Largest part of blood solids  Live 90-120 days  Produced by bone marrow of femur, hip, sternum, humerus, vertebra, cranium

40. Erythrocytes  Main function  Transport oxygen and removes carbon dioxide  Hemopoiesis – process in which new RBC’s are formed

41. hemoglobin  Complex protein within each cell to which oxygen attaches

42. Thrombocytes  Platelets  Causes blood to clot

43. Leukocytes  Produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes  Main function  Fight infection

44. leukocytes  Two types  Granulocytes  Act as scavengers and destroy pathogens

45. Granulocytes  Neutrophils - engulf & digest bacteria called phagocytosis  Basophils - contain the anticoagulant substance heparin and participate in the inflammatory response  Eosinophils – defend the body from allergic reactions and parasitic infections

46. Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes – Basis of the immune system  participates in the production of antibody and plasma cells and help destroy foreign particles  Monocytes – leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which help remove foreign materials and bacteria in the process of phagocytosis

47. Pathology of the Circulation System

48. AIDS  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome  Cause – virus  Incubation – 6 years  Transmitted – exchange of body fluids as blood & semen  No cure exists  Antiviral medications  Research vaccine

49. Pathology : Circulation System  Thrombus  Clot  Blood clot attaches to interior wall of vein or artery  Embolus  A moving clot

50. Pathology : Circulation System  Leukemia  Malignancy characterized by a progressive increase of abnormal leukocytes  Anemia  Disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood  Most common  Fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, rapid heart rate

51. Pathology : Circulation System  Polycythemia  Abnormal increase in number of red cells  Makes blood thicker & slower flowing  Septicemia  AKA: blood poisoning  Pathogens in blood

52. Pathology : Circulation System  Sickle cell anemia  Genetic condition  Malformed red cells “sickle”  No cure

53. Pathology : Circulation System  Thrombocytopenia  Decreased platelets  Due to:  Drugs  Radiation  chemo

54. Hemophilia  Congenital condition in which blood does not clot normally  Results in excessive bleeding

55. Hemophilia

56. The End

57. Blood Typing  Antigen-protein on red blood cells  Antibody-immunity found in plasma against certain antigens  Agglutination=clumping=(+)

58. Blood Typing Blood Type AntigensAntibodies ONone Anti-A & anti-B AAAnti-B BBAnti-A AB A and B None

59. Blood typing  Universal donor – O  Universal recipient – AB  RH factor – antigen on the D antigen

60. Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum Anti-Rh Serum Blood Type Slide #1 Mr. Smith Slide #2 Mr. Jones Slide #3 Mr. Green Slide #4 Mrs. Brown

61. Erythroblastosis fetalis  Potentially life-threatening blood disorder in a fetus or newborn  RH- mother gives birth to a RH + baby  Causes destruction of the red blood  Low muscle tone  Developmental delay  Jaundice –yellowing of the skin  First born infants are usually not affected  Prevention is the best treatment -RhoGAM

62. Lymph & Lymphatic Tissue  The lymph system is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph from tissues to the bloodstream.  Lymph – watery substance formed from fluid that filters into the body’s tissues  Maintain body’s fluid balance  Immunity

63. Lymphatic tissues  Tonsils  Thymus  Spleen  Nodes  Lymph vessels

64. Tonsils  Palantine  Pharyngeal  AKA: adenoids  lingual

65. Thymus  Located in center of upper chest  Lymphocytes mature -Production of T- cells  After puberty it is gradually replaced by fat and connective tissue

66. Spleen  Largest lymphoid mass  Stores 1 pint of blood  Filters bacteria & foreign substances so that they may be destroyed by leukocytes

67. Lymph Vessels & Nodes  Located in all body tissues except brain and placenta  Nodes are located in clusters along the path of lymph vessels  Biological filters that remove bacteria and cancerous cells  Swell during infection