1. KOA Conference Eldoret 2016 Mutiso VM, Anzala O, Khainga SO, Otieno C, Ogalo JP, Bundi BN

2. Stem Cell Basics  What are stem cells

3. This cell can form all of the cells in the human body This cell can form almost every cell type in the human body

4. Stem Cell Basics  Types of Stem Cells - Embryonic Stem Cells - Adult Stem Cells - Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

5. Stem Cell Basics Human Embryonic Stem Cells  These are obtained from human embryos created for infertility purpose through in-vitro fertilization procedure

6. Adult Stem Cells  These are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ  Can renew itself  Can differentiate to yield major specialized cell type of the tissue or organ in which they are found  Primary function is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

7. Where are adult stem cells found

8. Benefits of Adult Stem Cell Research  Easy to obtain  Potentially limitless in supply  Patients can use their own stem cells for treatment and therapy  Adult stem cells are politically neutral  Not offensive to any major interest group nor do they generate controversy.

9. Limitations of adult stem cell  The isolation of some types of ASC, for example the isolation of neural cells from a patient's brain, would be impractical  Where a person suffers from a genetic disorder or some types of cancers, ASC isolated from that individual will retain the damaging genetic alterations underlying the disease and so be of little therapeutic value  Unambiguous identification is difficult  Maintenance in culture is difficult

10. induced Pluripotent Stem Cell- (iPSC s )  Adult cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state  By enforced expression of genes and factors important for maintaining the defining properties of embyonic stem cells

11. induced pluripotent stem cell- (iPSC s )

12. Potential of iPSC s  In-vitro disease modelling  Disease specific pharmacological treatment testing  Individualized cell replacement therepy

13. What makes stem cells so valuable? Cell Therapy Research New Drugs Pluripotent stem cells Tissue stem cells No one stem cell type fits all applications. Research must continue using all types of stem cells.

14. Sources of Adult stem Cells Cord blood

15. Mesenchymal Stem Cells These are multipotent stromal cells originally defined in the bone marrow that can differentiate into a variety of cell types including: osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes and adipocytes. Mesenchymal stem cell Tendon ligament Adipocyte Dermal cell (skin) Marrow stroma Bone cartilage Myotube (muscle) ISSC R

16. Percentages of the common diseases now treated with mesenchymal stem cells Published by © 2013 CPS and SIMM Xin Wei et al. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34: 747–754;

17. What Is Umbilical Cord Blood?  Blood remaining in the umbilical cord and placenta after birth  The blood is rich in stem cells  Adult stem cells of infant origin  Less invasive than bone marrow OR peripheral blood  Greater compatibility  Less expensive

18. Therapeutic Use of Adipose Stem Cell s

19. Growth Factor Regulation/ Survival And Proliferation  Growth factors known to influence cell proliferation, motility, survival and morphogenesis.  Transforming growth factor beta family TGFβ,  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)  Fibroblast growth factors FGF,  Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)  Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)  Epidermal growth factor (EGF)  Wnt family

20. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)  Used for the creation of Totipotent cells that can be used in cloning.  Nucleus from a somatic cell is extracted and placed in a denucleated egg cell.  Dolly the sheep 1996 – 20 years ago!

21. The Way Forward Establish Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Research Center at the University of Nairobi  Research  Training  Clinical trials for Stem Cell and bone marrow therapy  A Cord Blood/Tissue Bank

22. Thank You