1. 5-1 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein DRUGS Chapter 5

2. 5-2 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Drug-Control Laws The U.S. federal law known as the Controlled Substances Act will serve to illustrate a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse. Many State laws modeled on CSA US Attorney General has the flexibility to add, delete or reschedule drugs as new information becomes available

3. 5-3 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Drug-Control Laws This federal law establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances on the basis of a drug’s –potential for abuse –potential for physical and psychological dependence –medical value

4. 5-4 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Schedule I drugs high potential for abuse have no currently accepted medical use heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD.

5. 5-5 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Schedule II drugs a high potential for abuse medical use with severe restrictions cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions.

6. 5-6 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Schedule III drugs less potential for abuse currently accepted medical use all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, codeine and anabolic steroids.

7. 5-7 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Schedule IV drugs low potential for abuse current medical use darvon, phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium).

8. 5-8 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Schedule V drugs low abuse potential medical use opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients.

9. 5-9 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Criminal Penalties Unauthorized manufacture, sale or possession Most severe penalties are for Schedule I & II –First offense punishable up to 20 years in prison and/or fine up to $1 million for an individual Also regulates manufacture of precursors –Chemicals used to synthesize drugs in clandestine drug labs –Precursors for PCP, amphetamines and methamphetamines are listed in Schedule II

10. 5-10 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Schedules of Classification Designer Drugs Substances that are chemically related to some controlled drugs and are pharmacologically very potent –Fentanyl – powerful narcotic about 100 times more potent than morphine –Street name of China White Penalties as if it was a Schedule I drug

11. 5-11 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Drug Identification The challenge or difficulty of forensic drug identification comes in selecting analytical procedures that will ensure a specific identification of a drug. This plan, or scheme of analysis, is divided into two phases. –Screening test that is nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number. –Confirmation test that is a single test that specifically identifies a substance.

12. 5-12 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis Screening Tests Reduces possibilities to a small, manageable number. Color tests, microcrystalline tests and chromatography –Negative results are useful because they exclude certain drugs –Can not be taken as conclusive identification of an unknown drug

13. 5-13 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis Confirmation Tests Pinpoint and confirm the drug’s identity. Spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry Confirmation – a single test that identifies a substance Qualitative –Identifies the material(s) –For example, heroin and quinine Quantitative –Percent composition of the mixture –For example, 10% heroin, 90% quinine

14. 5-14 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis Color Tests Marquis –Purple in the presence of heroin, morphine & opium derivatives –Orange-brown in the presence of amphetamines & methamphetamines Dillie-Koppanyi –Violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates

15. 5-15 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis Color Tests Duquenois-Levine –Purple color in the presence of marijuana Van Urk –Blue-purple in the presence of LSD –Difficult to conduct under field conditions because of the extremely small quantities of LSD in illicit preparations Scott Test –Test for cocaine

16. 5-16 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Preliminary Analysis Microcrystalline Test Chemists study the size and shape of crystals formed after adding a chemical of reagent.

17. 5-17 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Chromatography Chromatography is any of several analytical techniques for separating organic mixtures into their components by attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase. The written record of this separation is called a chromatogram. –a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixture. –Particularly useful because drugs may be diluted with practically any material to increase the quantity of the product available.

18. 5-18 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein TLC Thin Layer Chromatography The solid stationary phase is coated onto a glass plate and a mobile liquid phase to separate the components of the mixture.

19. 5-19 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Gas Chromatography In Gas Chromatographay, the moving phase is actually a gas called the carrier gas, which flows through a column. The stationary phase is a thin film of liquid contained within the column.

20. 5-20 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Gas Chromatography After a mixture has traversed the length of the column, it will emerge separated into its components.

21. 5-21 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Spectrophotometry Although chromatography can separate each of the different materials, it can not specifically identify each of the materials. Spectrophotometry can identify a substance by exposing it to a specific type of electromagnetic radiation. Substances do not absorb all visible light, but reflect some frequencies. Many of the invisible radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum are likewise absorbed.

22. 5-22 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein UVand IR Spectrophotometry Currently, most forensic laboratories use UV and IR spectrophotometers to characterize chemical compounds. The simplicity of the UV spectrum facilitates its use as a tool for determining a material’s probable identity, although it may not provide a definitive result. The IR spectrum provides a far more complex pattern.

23. 5-23 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein UVand IR Spectrophotometry Different materials always have distinctively different infrared spectra; each IR spectrum is therefore equivalent to a “fingerprint” of that substance.

24. 5-24 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Mass Spectrometry In the mass spectrometer, a beam of high-energy electrons collide with a material, producing positively charged ions.

25. 5-25 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Mass Spectrometry These positive ions almost instantaneously decompose into numerous fragments, which are separated according to their masses. The unique feature of mass spectrometry is that under carefully controlled conditions, no two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern.

26. 5-26 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein GC and Mass A direct connection between the GC column and the mass spectrometer allows each component to flow into the mass spectrometer as it emerges from the GC.

27. 5-27 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein GC and Mass The separation of a mixture’s components is first accomplished by the GC. Then, fragmentation of each component by high-energy electrons in the mass spectrometer, will produce a distinct pattern, somewhat like a “fingerprint”, of the substance being examined.

28. 5-28 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein GC and Mass

29. 5-29 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Collection and Preservation The field investigator has the responsibility of ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory. Generally common sense is the best guide, keeping in mind that the package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross- contamination.

30. 5-30 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Collection and Preservation Often the original container in which the drug was seized will suffice. All packages must be marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in the future and establish the chain of custody.