1. P RENATAL AND C HILDHOOD D EVELOPMENT Module 04

2. THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

3. P RENATAL D EVELOPMENT Prenatal = “before birth” Begins at conception, ends with birth of the child.

4. Z YGOTE Newly fertilized egg First 2 weeks = period of rapid cell division Attaches to mother’s uterine wall End of 14 days becomes an embryo

6. E MBRYO Developing human 14 days until end of 8 th week Most major organs formed End of 8 th week, fetal period begins.

7. F ETAL P ERIOD The period between the beginning of the 9 th week until birth Unmistakably human in form

8. P RENATAL D EVELOPMENT – 45 D AYS

9. P RENATAL D EVELOPMENT – 2 MONTHS

10. 5 MONTHS

11. P LACENTA Cushion of cells in the mother; fetus receives oxygen and nutrition Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus

13. T ERATOGENS Substances pass through the placenta’s screen and prevent fetus from developing normally Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

15. S MOKING AND B IRTH W EIGHT

16. F ETAL A LCOHOL S YNDROME (FAS) Series of physical and cognitive abnormalities due to mother drinking large amounts of alcohol Physical and mental abnormalities Difficulties with social interaction Epileptic seizures Facial appearance and expression

18. ULTRASOUND

19. 3-D IMAGING

20. THE NEWBORN Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

21. R OOTING R EFLEX In 1 st half hour. Infant will move face in direction of touch and open their mouth Automatic, unlearned response Looking for nourishment.

22. T EMPERAMENT The characteristic moods: Happy Slow to warm up Difficult Temperament in infancy carries through a person’s life.

23. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

24. I NFANT, T ODDLER, C HILD Infant: 1 st year Toddler: 1 to 3 years Child: Span between toddler and teen

25. THE DEVELOPING BRAIN Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

26. N EURAL D EVELOPMENT

27. Perceptual Development Vision will clear up within 30 minutes after birth

28. M ATURATION Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior Programmed into your genes

29. MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

31. JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE STAGES Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

32. C OGNITION Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering Children vs. Adults

33. J EAN P IAGET ( PEE - AH -ZHAY) Developmental psychologist Proposed a theory of four stages of cognitive development

34. S CHEMAS Concepts used to organize and interpret information “Picture of the world” Develop mental plans via: Assimilation Accommodation

35. A SSIMILATION Interpreting new experience within the context of one’s existing schemas New is similar to previous experiences A CCOMMODATION Interpreting new experience by changing one’s existing schemas New is so different must be changed to accommodate it

36. A SSIMILATION /A CCOMMODATION

39. #1: SENSORIMOTOR STAGE Birth – 2 years Child gathers info via senses and motor functions Learns object permanence Continue to exist when they can’t be seen.

40. #2: PREOPERATIONAL STAGE 2 – 6/7 years Use language but not able to think logically Learn Conservation Mass and volume remain the same even if you change an object’s form.

41. C ONSERVATION

44. T YPES OF C ONSERVATION T ASKS

45. #3: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE 7 – 11 years Learns to think logically Comprehend math concepts and jokes

46. #4: FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE 12 and beyond Think logically and in the abstract Solve hypothetical problems (What if…. problems)

47. N ATURE AND N URTURE How much of our behavior is nature and/or nurture? How do they affect development? Genie: The Wildchild!

48. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

49. S TRANGER A NXIETY Fear of strangers infant displays around 8 months of age. Ex: Santa Claus

50. Separation Anxiety Infants are separated from their mothers. Peaks between 14-18 months.

51. A TTACHMENT Close bonding between infant and caregiver Mother is primary Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

52. H ARRY H ARLOW Did research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment Wire mother vs. Terry Cloth mother…

53. H ARRY H ARLOW The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother.

54. F AMILIARITY Sense of contentment with that which is already known Infants are familiar with their parents and caregivers.

55. IMPRINTING & CRITICAL PERIOD Konrad Lorenz A process by which certain animals, early in life, form attachments The imprinted behavior develops within a critical period Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large moving object they see.

56. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?g uidAssetId=1413C0D9-5957-44FE-B254- 9319EBAB3C23&blnFromSearch=1&productcod e=US

57. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD: PARENTING PATTERNS Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

58. R ESPONSIVENESS Responsive parents: aware of what their children are doing. Unresponsive parents: ignore their children, helping only when they want.

59. S ECURELY OR I NSECURELY A TTACHED Securely attached will explore their environment when primary caregiver is present Caregiver leaves they appear distressed Go to caregiver as soon as they return Insecurely attached Clingy and less likely to explore Caregiver leaves, cry loudly

60. A TTACHMENT

61. E FFECTS OF A TTACHMENT Secure attachment: More outgoing, confident, persistent solving challenging tasks. Deprivation of attachment: Withdrawn, frightened Unresponsive environment: Trouble sleeping, eating, relating Eventually adapt

62. P ARENTAL P ATTERNS Baumrind’s three main parenting styles Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative

63. A UTHORITARIAN P ARENTING Low in warmth Discipline is strict and sometimes physical. Communication high from parent to child and low from child to parent Maturity expectations are high.

64. P ERMISSIVE P ARENTING High in warmth but rarely discipline Communication is low from parent to child but high from child to parent. Expectations of maturity are low.

65. A UTHORITATIVE P ARENTING High in warmth with moderate discipline High in communication and negotiating Parents set and explain rules. Maturity expectations are moderate.

66. P ARENTING S TYLES

67. THREE KEY DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES Module 4: Prenatal and Childhood Development

68. C ONTINUITY AND S TAGES How is our development through life continuous, and how do we develop in stages? Continuous: Attachment development Cognitive development Stages: Motor development

69. S TABILITY AND C HANGE What remains stable across our development, and how do we change? Stable and Change: Temperament