2. ༜ A sweat test measures the amount of salt chemicals (sodium and chloride) in sweat. ༜ Sodium and chloride are part of your body’s electrolyte balance, and combine to form the salt found in sweat. ༜ They help regulate the fluid balance in your tissues. ༜ It is done to help diagnose cystic fibrosis. ༜ Normally, sweat on the skin surface contains very little sodium and chloride. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) have 2 to 5 times the normal amount of sodium and chloride in their sweat.

3. ༜ Cystic fibrosis (CF), mucoviscoidosis, or mucoviscidosis, is a life-threatening hereditary disease inherited as autosomal recessive and is characterized by: 1.Increased viscosity of mucous secretions, including pancreas, intestinal glands, tracheal, peritracheal, bronchial. ༜ Thick mucus production, as well as a less competent immune system, cause mucus to build up and clog some of the organs in the body, particularly in the lungs and pancreas. ༜ When mucus clogs the lungs, it makes breathing very difficult.

5. ༜ It also causes bacteria (or germs) to stuck in the airways causing inflammation (or swelling) and infections which ultimately leads to lung damage. ༜ Mucus also can block the digestive tract and pancreas causing stop of digestive enzymes from getting to the intestines. 2. Increased concentration of electrolytes especially Na and CL, in secretion of other gland notably (sweat glands, Parotid salivary glands, lachrymal glands).

7. 1.Thick, viscous mucus secretions in the lungs 2.Repeated infections. 3.Pale or clay colored Stools, foul smelling, or stools that float meconium ileus is a typical finding in newborn babies with CF 4.Recurrent pneumonia 5.Chronic cough, possibly with blood streaking 6.Wheezing 7.Bronchitis

8. 8.Chronic sinusitis 9.Asthma 10.Weight loss, failure to thrive in infants, abdominal swelling 11.Excessive salt in sweat, dehydration 12.Failure of newborn to pass stool 13.Abdominal pain, flatulence 14.Fatigue 15.Changes in color and amount of sputum (material coughed up from the lungs)

11. ༜ Two methods of sweat analysis are most frequently used: 1. Chloride concentration The sweat chloride analysis is recommended as the diagnostic test for CF. 2. Conductivity measurement. Sweat conductivity may be used to screen for CF.

13. 1. A tiny amount of a sweat-stimulating liquid is applied to a small patch of skin on the arm or leg. 2. An electrode is then placed over the site & a weak electrical current stimulates the area. This is a painless procedure that may create a tingling or warm sensation. 3. After several minutes, the area is cleaned and sweat is collected for about thirty minutes, either into a plastic coil of tubing or onto a piece of gauze or filter paper. 4. The sweat obtained is then analyzed.

14.  Done on a baby's right arm or thigh.  With older child or adult, the test is usually done on the inside of the right forearm.  Sweat may be collected and analyzed from two different sites.

15. 1. Skin is washed and dried & then, 2 small gauze pads are placed the skin. - One pad is soaked with a medicine (called pilocarpine) makes skin sweat. - The other pad is soaked with salt water such as NaNO3. 2. The other pads called electrodes are placed over the gauze pads.

16. The sweat test usually takes 45 minutes to 1 hour.

17. 3. After 5 to 10 minutes, the gauze pads and electrodes are removed, then the skin is cleaned with water and then dried. The skin will look red in the area under the medicine- containing pad 4. A dry gauze pad, paper collection pad, or special tubing is taped to the red patch of skin. This pad is covered with plastic or wax to prevent fluid loss (evaporation).

18. 5. The new pad will soak up the sweat for up to 30 minutes, then it is removed and placed in a sealed bottle. It is then weighed to measure how much sweat the skin produced, and it is checked to find out how much salt chemical (sodium and/or chloride) the sweat contains. 6. After the collection pad is removed, the skin is washed and dried again. 7. Then we measure CL by automated or manual titration method and Na by flame photometry or ion exchange electrode.

19. ༜ A sweat test measures the amount of salt chemicals (sodium and chloride) in sweat. Generally, chloride (sweat chloride) is measured. ༜ Sweat chloride –Normal Less than 40 mill moles per liter (mmol/L) –Borderline 40–60 mmol/L. –Abnormal More than 60 mmol/L. –Abnormal (high) values: Usually mean a person has cystic fibrosis. Some people with cystic fibrosis have borderline or even normal sweat chloride levels