© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 1 PowerPoint Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 3 Chapter 13 Overview Introduction Platform Framing Balloon Framing Joists and Beams Floor Trusses Subfloor Cantilevered Joists (continued)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 5 Learning Objectives Explain the difference between platform and balloon framing. Plan the appropriate floor support using joists or trusses for a structure. Determine proper joist sizes using a typical span data chart. Describe the components of a floor system. (continued)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 6 Learning Objectives Explain the principles of post and beam construction. Select the appropriate engineered wood products for specific applications in residential construction.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 7 Introduction Framing methods vary from one section of the country to another. Personal preference and experience are also factors. Two basic types of floor framing are: –Platform framing. –Balloon framing.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 8 Introduction Typical floor framing structural components include: –Plates. –Joists. –Studs. Post and beam construction is also used for walls and floors.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 9 Platform Framing In platform framing, floor joists form a platform on which the walls rest.platform framing Another platform rests on top of the walls when there is a second story. Platform framing is used more extensively than balloon framing. The platform automatically provides a fire-stop between floors.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 10 Platform Framing Construction is safe because work is performed on a solid surface. The sill is the starting point in constructing a floor.sill –Rests on the foundation and supports the floor joists or the studs. –Generally 2" x 6" lumber. –Box sill construction is generally used, which consists of a 2" x 6" plate called a mudsill.Box sill mudsill

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 13 Sealing the Sill A seal is required between the foundation and sill plate. The seal prevents outside air from entering the house.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 14 Balloon Framing Balloon framing has diminished in importance in recent years.Balloon framing Distinguishing features include: –Wall studs rest directly on the sill plate. –Each floor “hangs” from the studs. Two advantages of balloon framing are: –Small potential shrinkage. –Good vertical stability.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 15 Balloon Framing Disadvantages of balloon framing are: –Less than desirable surface on which to work during construction. –The need to add fire-stops. Two types of sill construction are used: –Solid (standard). –T-sill.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 16 Balloon Framing Sill Construction Solid (standard) sill. Studs are nailed directly to the sill and joists. No header is used.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 17 Balloon Framing Sill Construction T-sill construction. Header rests on the sill and serves as a fire-stop. Studs rests on the sill and are nailed to the header as well as the 8" or 10" wide sill plate.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 18 Balloon Framing for Second Floor Joists are supported by a ribbon and nailed to the studs on the second floor level.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 19 Joists and Beams Joists provide support for the floor.Joists Usually made from a common softwood. –Southern yellow pine, fir, larch, hemlock, or spruce. Engineered wood and metal joists are also available. Floor joists range in size from 2" x 6" to 2" x 12".

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 21 Joists and Beams (Joists) Size of joist required depends on the span, load, species and grade of wood, and joist spacing. When using metal joists, the gauge of metal should be considered instead of species and grade of lumber. Floor joists may be spaced 12", 16", or 24" on center.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 22 Procedure for Using Span Data Chart Select species of wood to be used. Select appropriate live load. Determine lumber grade to be used. Scan the lumber grade row and note the maximum spans. Select the joist size and spacing that will support the desired live load; 16" OC spacing is typical.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 26 Span Data Example Span is 14'-0" and number one dense southern pine is to be used. Live load is 30 pounds per square foot. Chart shows the following choices. –2" x 8" joists 12" OC or 16" OC. –2" x 10" joists 12" OC, 16" OC, or 24" OC. –2" x 12" joists 12" OC, 16" OC, or 24" OC. Best selection is 2" x 8" joists, 16" OC. This will span up to 14'-5".

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 27 Steel Floor Joists Steel floor joists are beginning to be accepted for residential construction. Joist depths ranging from 6" to 12" with thicknesses from 0.034" to 0.101" are generally used. Usual spacing is 24" OC, but other spacing is also used.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 29 Joists and Beams (Beams) When the span is too great for unsupported joists, a beam or load- bearing wall is needed to reduce the span.beam A beam may be a solid timber, built-up beam, or a metal S- or W-beam. Load-bearing walls may be concrete block, cast concrete, or frame construction.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 33 Cross Bridging Cross bridging is used to stiffen the floor and spread the load over a broader area.Cross bridging Bridging boards or metal bridging are used.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 35 Floor Trusses A truss is a rigid framework designed to support a load over a span. Floor trusses are often used in place of floor joists in residential construction.Floor trusses Floor trusses consist of a top chord, bottom chord, and web. Chords are the horizontal flanges on the top and bottom of the truss.Chords The web is the truss framework.web

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 37 Engineered Floor Trusses Engineered floor trusses are designed with the aid of computers. Usually fabricated from 2" x 4" or 2" x 6" lumber and generally spaced 24" OC. Each truss has a built-in camber. Stress-graded lumber is used in their construction to reduce material. Webs may be metal or wood.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 39 Subfloor The subfloor is attached to the top of the floor joists and provides a work surface during construction.subfloor Plywood, tongue-and-groove boards, common boards, and other panel products are used for subfloors. –Panel products reduce installation time. –5/8" or 1/2" thick plywood is preferred.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 42 Installing Subfloor Panels Plywood grain direction of the outer plies should be at right angles to joists. Panel products should be staggered so that end joints of adjacent panels are on different joists. Panels may be glued as well as nailed to the joists to increase strength and reduce squeaking and nail pops.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 43 Cantilevered Joists Cantilevered joists are required when a section of the floor projects beyond a lower level.Cantilevered joists When floor joists run perpendicular to the cantilevered section, longer joists form the cantilever. When joists are parallel to the overhanging area, cantilevered joists are required.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 45 Framing Under Slate or Tile Flooring materials such as ceramic tile, slate, or stone floors require a substantial base. If a concrete base is provided, the floor framing must be lowered to provide for the concrete. Dead weight may be as much as 50 pounds per square foot.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 46 Framing Under Slate or Tile A smaller size joist may be used and the space between joists reduced to provide adequate support. Cement mortar mix is generally used for the base.Cement mortar mix

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 47 Engineered Wood Products Engineered wood products (EWPs) combine wood veneers and fibers with adhesives to form beams, headers, joists, and panels.Engineered wood products (EWPs) EWPs have uniformly high quality and strength. They increase the supply of usable wood from smaller and inferior trees.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 48 Engineered Wood Products The use of engineered wood products will continue to grow. Advances in adhesive technology have made EWPs possible. –Phenol-formaldehyde and urea- formaldehyde are the most common types. –Phenolics are more expensive than urea resins.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 49 Engineered Wood Products Band boards are available in 9-1/4", 11-1/4", 12", 14", and 16" depths. Engineered headers are available in 1-1/4" depth and 3-1/2" width. (Alpine Structures)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 50 Engineered Wood Products Advantages of EWPs: –High quality and consistency. –No knots, checks, or warps. –Uniformly dried to 8% to 12% moisture content. –Provides superior design flexibility. Disadvantage of EWPs: –Lack of industry standards.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 52 Oriented Strand Board Oriented strand board (OSB) is made from long strands of wood and resin.Oriented strand board (OSB) First introduced in 1978 as a low-quality particle board panel. Aspen is the preferred wood for making OSB. Outer layers are oriented to the long dimension, others are perpendicular.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 54 Oriented Strand Board Advantages of OSB: –Less expensive than plywood. –Unique appearance can be appealing as a design element. Disadvantages of OSB: –Subject to swelling. –Not designed for exposure to the elements.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 55 Oriented Strand Board OSB is made in panel sizes similar to plywood, typically 4' x 8'. Available in sizes up to 8' x 24'. Allow 1/8" space along edges to prevent buckling problems. Use the same nailing schedules that apply to plywood.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 56 Parallel Strand Lumber Parallel strand lumber (PSL) is made from thin strands of wood.Parallel strand lumber (PSL) Fairly new category of EWP. Used for beams, columns, and headers. High strength and span capacity. Low-moisture content eliminates shrinking and checking. Large billets 12" wide by 17" deep are formed and then sawn to specific sizes.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 58 Parallel Strand Lumber Advantages of PSL: –Very strong. –Allows long spans and more design flexibility. Disadvantages of PSL: –Engineered connections are required for side-loading joists on one side. –Should not be drilled or notched. –Storage conditions should prevent swelling.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 59 Parallel Strand Lumber Widths available from 1-3/4" to 7". Two plies of 2-11/16" members will match a typical 5-1/2" wall. Lengths up to 66' available. Eliminates the need for built-up beams. (Alpine Structures)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 60 Laminated Veneer Lumber Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is made from veneers stacked parallel to each other.Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) LVL is used for headers, beams, joists, columns, and flanges for wood I-beams. Similar to plywood, but all plies are parallel to provide maximum strength. Southern yellow pine and Douglas fir are generally the woods of choice.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 61 Laminated Veneer Lumber LVL is produced in a continuous billet up to 1-3/4" thick and 4' wide and two or more billets can be glued together to form thicker pieces. (Trus Joist)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 62 Laminated Veneer Lumber Advantages of LVL: –High strength allows long spans. –Can be built-up on site to form larger members. Disadvantages of LVL: –More expensive than solid lumber. –Lower moisture content than solid lumber. –Must be sized for specific load conditions.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 63 Laminated Veneer Lumber The 1-3/4" thick billet is most common. Can be used individually for joists or combined to form headers or beams. Available in depths from 5-1/2" to 14" and lengths up to 66'. LVL generally should not be mixed with solid lumber in the same floor assembly. LVL beams should not be drilled.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 64 Glue-Laminated Lumber Glue-laminated members (glulam beams) consist of 1x or 2x lumber glued into desired shapes.glulam beams Glue-laminated beams, columns, and arches were the first engineered wood products. Virtually any length or depth can be produced.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 66 Glue-Laminated Lumber Glue-laminated beams are accepted by all three US model building codes. Three appearance grades are available. –Industrial grade: The least attractive containing visible glue stains, press marks, and knot holes. –Architectural grade: Sanded on four sides with knot holes filled with putty. –Premium grade: All checks and holes filled.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 67 Glue-Laminated Lumber Advantages of glulams: –High strength. –Available either straight or cambered. –Dimensionally stable and attractive. Disadvantages of glulams: –Cost is high. –Requires special handling and storage. –Requires special equipment to handle.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 68 Glue-Laminated Lumber Installation –Technical support is generally required. –Producers provide span charts, installation details, technical assistance. –Special connectors are required for these large members and heavy loads. –Special handling is required to reduce checking and preserve the finish.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 69 Wood I-Beams or Joists Wood I-beams or joists are generally made from 2" x 4" machined-stressed lumber or LVL.Wood I-beams Webs are usually made from 3/8" OSB. They are available in flange widths of 1-3/4" and 2-5/16" and depths from 9-1/2" to 20" and lengths up to 66'. Presently, each manufacturer uses their own proprietary process.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 71 Wood I-Beams or Joists Advantages of wood I-beams: –Speed of construction. –Have knockout holes for plumbing and electrical cable. –Dimensionally stable and very straight. Disadvantages of wood I-beams: –Require more effort to cut. –Not universally accepted. –More expensive than lumber or trusses.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 72 Wood I-Beams or Joists Installation of wood I-beams are similar to traditional floor joists or rafters. –Typical nails, tools, and metal connectors can be used. –Should not be mixed with solid lumber in the same assembly. –Web stiffeners or blocks are normally used at bearing points.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 73 Wood I-Beams or Joists Several types of engineered lumber are used in this dwelling. (Boise Cascade Corporation)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 74 Post and Beam Construction Post and beam construction provides greater freedom of design.Post and beam construction The system uses larger structural sizes, framing connectors, and unique joining methods. Posts carry most of the weight The walls are usually curtain walls.curtain walls Curtain walls provide for wide expanses of glass without the need for headers.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 78 Post and Beam Construction Foundation for a post and beam structure may be continuous or isolated footings on which each post is located. Posts should be at least 4" x 4" or 6" x 6" if they support the floor. Beams should be solid, laminated, reinforced with steel, or plywood box beams.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 80 Post and Beam Construction The spacing and span of the beams will be determined by the size and type of materials and the load to be supported. Generally, a span of 7'-0" may be used when 2" thick tongue-and-groove decking is applied. Thicker beams should be used if the span exceeds 7'-0". Span tables are provided in the text.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 81 Post and Beam Construction There are two systems of roof beam placement: –Longitudinal method: Beams are placed at right angles to the roof slope; roof decking is laid from the ridge to the eaves.Longitudinal method –Transverse method: Beams follow the roof slope; decking runs parallel to the roof ridge.Transverse method

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 85 Post and Beam Construction Installation –Nailing does not provide a satisfactory connection in post and beam construction; lag bolts are used. –Metal plates or connectors are used to attach post and beam segments. –Decking planks range in thickness from 2" to 4" and are usually tongue-and-grooved along the long edges.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 87 Glossary Balloon Framing. A method of framing in which the wall studs rest directly on the sill plate and each floor “hangs” from the studs. Beam. A structural member that supports the joists and effectively reduces the span. Box Sill. Consists of a 2" x 6" plate called a sill or mudsill and a header that is the same size as the floor joist.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 88 Glossary Cantilevered Joists. Required when the floor joists are parallel to the overhanging (cantilevered) area; run perpendicular to the floor joists. Cement mortar mix. A mixture of one part Portland cement and 6 parts sand. Chords. The horizontal flanges at the top and bottom of the trusses.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 89 Glossary Cross Bridging. Used to stiffen the floor and spread the load over a broader area. Curtain Walls. The walls of a post and beam building; do not support much weight. Engineered Wood Products (EWPs). Wood veneers and fibers are combined with adhesives to form beams, headers, joists, and panels that have uniformly high quality and strength.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 90 Glossary Floor Trusses. Consist of a top chord, bottom chord, and web; often used in place of floor joists in residential structures. Glulam Beams. Glue-laminated members that consist of 1x or 2x lumber glued in stacks to the desired shape and size. Joists. Provides support for the floor or ceiling. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). An engineered wood product in which veneers of wood are stacked in parallel and glued under pressure.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 91 Glossary Longitudinal Method. A method of post and beam construction where beams are placed at right angles to the roof slope and the roof decking is laid from the ridge pole to the eaves line. Mudsill. The sill in box sill construction. Oriented Strand Board (OSB). An engineered wood product in which long strands of wood are mixed with resin, placed in layers, and pressed and cured.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 92 Glossary Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL). An engineered wood product in which thin strands of wood are glued together under pressure. Platform Framing. A method of framing where the floor joists form a platform on which the walls rest. Post and Beam Construction. Uses posts, beams, and planks as framing members that are larger and spaced farther apart than conventional framing members.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 93 Glossary Sill. The lowest member of the frame of a structure, it rests on the foundation and supports the floor joists or the uprights (studs) of the wall. Subfloor. Affixed to the floor joists; provides the surface on which the underlayment for the final finished floor will rest. Transverse Method. A method of post and beam construction where the beams follow the roof slope and the roof decking runs parallel to the roof ridge.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 94 Glossary Web. The framework between the chords. Wood I-Beams. Typically made from 2" x 4" machine-stressed lumber or LVL flanges grooved to receive a 3/8" OSB or plywood web that is glued in place.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only 1 PowerPoint Presentation Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

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