1. Charlotte Hatto NORTH ENERGY ASSOCIATES LTD Life Cycle Assessment for Project Kade Wetland Biomass to Bioenergy AMW

2. Life Cycle Assessment – What is it? Environmental impacts of a product over its lifetime Defined scope and methodology Provides answer(s) to specific question(s)

3. What are the environmental impacts of this product? What if? –‘counterfactual’ scenarios

4. Life Cycle Assessment – Why? LCA checks that processing wetland biomass into a biofuel does actually reduce GHG emissions - and quantifies the savings against standard wetland management UK commitment to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions provides incentive to use biomass for heating supports market price for biomass

5. Scope Greenhouse Gases (GHGs): Carbon Dioxide, CO 2 (from fossil fuels only) Methane, CH 4 Nitrous Oxide, N 2 O Primary Energy GHG & Energy for manufacture of plant & equipment Counterfactuals: Traditional methods of wetland management Heat from coal AMW

6. Use Briquetting: 5 main stages DeliveryHarvesting PROCESSING Biomass mixer Rush - pressed Press fliud Press cake, agbagged Reed – agbagged charred Chipped scrub AD and CHP plant Briquetting

7. Expected significant GHG emissions Direct Fuel Use Transport Harvesting Processing Briquetting Plant & Machinery Transport Vehicles Harvesting Equipment Processing Equipment

8. Combustion CO 2 emitted not included (as ‘biogenic’) – both briquettes and biogas CH 4 and N 2 O emissions are included Wood burner / Boiler efficiency extremely important as it affects the GHG emissions per MJ delivered Efficiency affected by moisture content and feedstock quality

9. Interim Results GHG emissions per MJ delivered heat Wetland Biomass ~ 34g eq.CO 2 per MJ Counterfactual ~ 156g eq.CO 2 per MJ Saving ~ 78%

10. 60% GHG saving when GHG emissions for cultivation, processing and transport compared to EU average fossil fuel heating emissions Equates to life cycle GHG emissions < 34.8g CO 2 /MJ* Sustainability requirements for land-use, including biodiversity and carbon stock criteria 2015 Biomass Sustainability Requirements * 3.6MJ = 1kWh

11. Guaranteed payments based on heat generated from biomass boilers between 2p and 7p per kWh for commercial 11p per kWh for domestic Stringent requirements on technology & installation 2015 - sustainability requirements for supplied biomass

12. Summary Current results show savings are in the order 80% within the target set for the RHI The majority of GHG emissions from Harvesting & Processing stages GHG emissions from transportation locally are not highly significant Savings % highly dependent on the counterfactuals

13. Summary  Land management required in any case  Harvesting improves land management  No land use change or food crops displaced  Little current demand for arisings  Low drying requirement  Low GHG emissions

14. Charlotte Hatto NORTH ENERGY ASSOCIATES LTD Life Cycle Assessment for Project Kade Wetland Biomass to Bioenergy thank you for listening AMW