1. ATOM ECONOMY ©HOPTON

2. ATOM ECONOMY ©HOPTON

3. ATOM ECONOMY In most reactions you only want to make one of the resulting products Atom economy is a measure of how much of the products are useful A high atom economy means that there is less waste ©HOPTON

4. ATOM ECONOMY In most reactions you only want to make one of the resulting products Atom economy is a measure of how much of the products are useful A high atom economy means that there is less waste ATOM ECONOMY ©HOPTON MOLECULAR MASS OF DESIRED PRODUCT x 100 SUM OF MOLECULAR MASSES OF ALL PRODUCTS MOLECULAR MASS OF DESIRED PRODUCT x 100 SUM OF MOLECULAR MASSES OF ALL PRODUCTS

5. WORKED CALCULATIONS ©HOPTON

6. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C 2 H 4 C l 2 ©HOPTON Example1

7. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C 2 H 4 C l 2 EquationC 2 H 4 + C l 2 ——> C 2 H 4 C l 2 M r 28 71 99 ©HOPTON Example1

8. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C 2 H 4 C l 2 EquationC 2 H 4 + C l 2 ——> C 2 H 4 C l 2 M r 28 71 99 atom economy =molecular mass of C 2 H 4 C l 2 x 100 molecular mass of all products ©HOPTON Example1

9. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C 2 H 4 C l 2 EquationC 2 H 4 + C l 2 ——> C 2 H 4 C l 2 M r 28 71 99 atom economy =molecular mass of C 2 H 4 C l 2 x 100 molecular mass of all products =99 x 100 = 100% 99 ©HOPTON An ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is typical of an ADDITION REACTION Example1

10. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C 2 H 4 C l 2 EquationC 2 H 4 + C l 2 ——> C 2 H 4 C l 2 M r 28 71 99 atom economy =molecular mass of C 2 H 4 C l 2 x 100 molecular mass of all products =99 x 100 = 100% 99 ©HOPTON An ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is typical of an ADDITION REACTION Example1

11. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C 6 H 5 NO 2 ©HOPTON Example2

12. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C 6 H 5 NO 2 EquationC 6 H 6 + HNO 3 ——> C 6 H 5 NO 2 + H 2 O M r 78 63 12318 ©HOPTON An ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is not possible with a SUBSTITUTION REACTION Example2

13. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C 6 H 5 NO 2 EquationC 6 H 6 + HNO 3 ——> C 6 H 5 NO 2 + H 2 O M r 78 63 12318 atom economy = molecular mass of C 6 H 5 NO 2 x 100 molecular mass of all products ©HOPTON Example2

14. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C 6 H 5 NO 2 EquationC 6 H 6 + HNO 3 ——> C 6 H 5 NO 2 + H 2 O M r 78 63 12318 atom economy = molecular mass of C 6 H 5 NO 2 x 100 molecular mass of all products =123 x 100 = 87.2% 123 + 18 ©HOPTON Example2

15. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C 6 H 5 NO 2 EquationC 6 H 6 + HNO 3 ——> C 6 H 5 NO 2 + H 2 O M r 78 63 12318 atom economy = molecular mass of C 6 H 5 NO 2 x 100 molecular mass of all products =123 x 100 = 87.2% 123 + 18 ©HOPTON An ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is not possible with a SUBSTITUTION REACTION Example2

16. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. ©HOPTON Example3

17. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ——> H 2 SO 4 + 2NH 3 M r 132 98 17 ©HOPTON Example3

18. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ——> H 2 SO 4 + 2NH 3 M r 132 98 17 atom economy = 2 x molecular mass of NH 3 x 100 molecular mass of all products ©HOPTON Example3

19. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ——> H 2 SO 4 + 2NH 3 M r 132 98 17 atom economy = 2 x molecular mass of NH 3 x 100 molecular mass of all products =2 x 17= 25.8% 98 + (2 x 17) ©HOPTON Example3

20. WORKED CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ——> H 2 SO 4 + 2NH 3 M r 132 98 17 atom economy = 2 x molecular mass of NH 3 x 100 molecular mass of all products =2 x 17= 25.8% 98 + (2 x 17) ©HOPTON In industry a low ATOM ECONOMY isn’t necessarily that bad if you can use some of the other products. If this reaction was used industrially, which it isn’t, the sulphuric acid would be a very useful by-product. Example3

21. CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) CH 3 COC l + C 2 H 5 NH 2 ——> CH 3 CONHC 2 H 5 + HC l C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 5 OH + NaCl C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 4 + H 2 O + NaC l ©HOPTON

22. CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) CH 3 COC l + C 2 H 5 NH 2 ——> CH 3 CONHC 2 H 5 + HC l C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 5 OH + NaCl C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 4 + H 2 O + NaC l ©HOPTON 70.2%

23. CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) CH 3 COC l + C 2 H 5 NH 2 ——> CH 3 CONHC 2 H 5 + HC l C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 5 OH + NaCl C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 4 + H 2 O + NaC l ©HOPTON 70.2% 55.8%

24. CALCULATIONS Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) CH 3 COC l + C 2 H 5 NH 2 ——> CH 3 CONHC 2 H 5 + HC l C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 5 OH + NaCl C 2 H 5 C l + NaOH ——> C 2 H 4 + H 2 O + NaC l ©HOPTON 70.2% 55.8% 33.9%

25. OVERVIEW ©HOPTON

26. OVERVIEW addition reactions will have 100% atom economy substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy ©HOPTON

27. OVERVIEW addition reactions will have 100% atom economy substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy high atom economy= fewer waste materials = GREENER and MORE ECONOMICAL ©HOPTON

28. OVERVIEW addition reactions will have 100% atom economy substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy high atom economy= fewer waste materials = GREENER and MORE ECONOMICAL The percentage yield of a reaction must also be taken into consideration. some reactions may have a high yield but a low atom economy some reactions may have a high atom economy but a low yield ©HOPTON

29. OVERVIEW addition reactions will have 100% atom economy substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy high atom economy= fewer waste materials = GREENER and MORE ECONOMICAL The percentage yield of a reaction must also be taken into consideration. some reactions may have a high yield but a low atom economy some reactions may have a high atom economy but a low yield Reactions involving equilibria must also be considered ©HOPTON