1. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Airplane and Pilot Performance Chapter 11 Weight and Balance

2. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-1. Load carefully.

3. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-2. Consider fuel quantity and balance.

4. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-3. Weight and balance affect all aspects of airplane performance.

5. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Table 11-1. Typical loading table.

6. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-4. Force, arm and moment.

7. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-5. Balancing (or turning) moment depends on weight and moment arm.

8. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-6. Finding the total weight and CG position.

9. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-7. Using the estimated CG position as datum.

10. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-8. Using another datum, the left end of the beam.

11. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-9. Using an external datum, 20 inches left of the beam.

12. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-10. The datum can be at any convenient point on the longitudinal axis.

13. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-11. Final balance is provided by the horizontal stabilizer.

14. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-12. The actual situation.

15. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-13. The modified situation.

16. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-14. How to find CG position.

17. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-15. The loaded airplane.

18. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-16. Flow chart of CG calculation.

19. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-17. Consider passenger distribution.

20. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-18. Graphical weight-and-balance data. See the next table for calculations.

21. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School

22. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-19. Cessna 172 weight-and-balance data.

23. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-19. Cessna 172 weight-and-balance data.

24. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-4

25. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-4

26. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-20. Loading and CG envelope charts.

27. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-20. Loading and CG envelope charts.

28. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-21. Loading and CG limits in tabular format.

29. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-22. CG limits.

30. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-5

31. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-6

32. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-23. Flow chart of calculation.

33. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-8

34. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-9

35. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-24. Zero fuel weight.

36. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-25. Gross weight.

37. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-10

38. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-10

39. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Example 11-11

40. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-26. Example 11-11.

41. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-26. Example 11-11.

42. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-27. Shifting weight forward moves the CG forward.

43. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-28. Adding weight forward moves the CG forward.

44. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-29. Removing weight forward of the CG, shifts the CG aft.

45. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-30. A typical mean aerodynamic chord.

46. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-31. MAC in relation to the airplane.

47. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-32. Example 11-14.

48. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-33. The CG range related to MAC.

49. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 11-34. Commercial Knowledge Exam weight-and-balance graphs.