1. Introduction to Biotechnology

2. Contents What is biotechnology? Application in
medicine
foods
forensic science
microbial and plant genetics
History of Biotechnology
Different dimension of biotechnology
Pharmaceutical biotechnology
Biotechnological process

3. What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology = Biology + Technology Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use"

4. History of Biotechnology
Before 6000 B.C. – Yeast employed to make wine and beer 4000 B.C. – Baking of bread – Copper mined with the aid of microbes in Spain. Microbes were first observed under microscope

5. 1890 = alcohol used as fuel 1893 – Fermentation process patented by koch, Pasteur 1912 – 1914 acetone, butanol and glycerol were obtained from bacteria 1920 – Discovery of penicillin 1938 – Protein and DNA studied by X-ray crystallography

6. 1973 – Beginning of genetic enginnering 1975 – Hybridomas created human GH produced by bacterial cells insulin produced by Genentech Inc – monoclonal antibodies approved by USA 1982 – Insulin approved by FDA

7. 1985 – Genetically engineered plants
1985 – Genetically engineered plants – Orthoclone OKT – Epogen 1890 – Transgenic dairy cow.

8. Dolly's taxidermied remains
Other appellation(s)
6LL3 (code name)
Species
Domestic Sheep, Finn-Dorset
Sex
Female
Born
5 July 1996 Roslin Institute
Died
14 February 2003 (aged 6)
Resting place
National Museum of Scotland (remains on display)
Nation from
United Kingdom (Great Britain)
Notable role
First cloned sheep
Known for
First mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell
Offspring
Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton)
Named after
Dolly Parton[1]
1998 – Human embryonic stem cells established – Discovery of RNA that can shut down individual genes

9. Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses.

10. Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
White and grey biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.

11. Application
In Medicine: Hormones, Cytokines, Antibodies, vaccines, nucleic acid based products (gene therapy, DNA vaccines)
Red Biotechnology
Biopharmaceutical drug development
Drug delivery
Green and white/grey biotechnology
Transgenic plants
Novel and functional food
Livestock breeding
Technical enzymes

12. Safety Issues Microbiological safety Immunological Pharmacological
Biodistribution
Tumerigenicity
General safety concern

13. 5 Major steps of operation in biotechnology
STRAIN CHOICE AND IMPROVEMENT
MASS CULTURE
OPTIMISATION OF CELL RESPONSES
PROCESS OPERATION
PROCESS RECOVERY OR DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING