1. Short Stories

2. Elements of A Short Story
Plot
Character
Setting
Conflict
Foreshadowing
Suspense
Frame Story
Theme
Point of View
Irony
Symbolism
Allusion
Mood
Tone
Dialect

3. The series of related events that make up the story.
Plot
The series of related events that make up the story.

4. Bare Bones of A Plot Plots are built on four main parts:
Basic Situation (Exposition)
Complication
Climax
Resolution (Denouement)

5. Plot Line Climax Complications Falling Action Exposition Resolution
(Rising Action)
Climax
Falling Action
Resolution

6. Plot
Exposition - Opening of the story; characters and conflict are introduced.
Complication - Conflicts introduced; main character takes action to resolve conflicts. (Also known as rising action.)
Climax - Key scene of the story; tense, exciting or terrifying moment.

7. Plot Falling Action - Conflicts begin to resolve; story tapers off….
Resolution - Occurs at the very end of the story; conflicts are resolved. (Also called the denouement.)

8. A person, animal, natural force or object in a story or play.
Character
A person, animal, natural force or object in a story or play.

9. Characterization
The process of revealing the personality of a character is called characterization.

10. Characterization
Direct Characterization - Writer tells the reader directly what kind of person the character is.
Indirect Characterization - Reader has to use his or her own judgement to identify personality traits of a character

11. Characterization Static – No change throughout story
Dynamic – Develops and grows over the course of the story

12. Characterization
Round – Many different personality traits (good & bad)
Flat – Shows only one personality trait
Protagonist – Main character of a literary work
Antagonist – Character or force in conflict with the protagonist

13. Characterization
Motivation – Reason that explains or partially explains why a character thinks, feels, behaves or acts in a certain way.

14. Character There are five considerations for creating a character:
Appearance
Speech (both dialogue and dialect)
Thoughts (interior monologue)
Actions
Other Characters’ feelings

15. The vantage point from which the author has chosen to tell the story.
Point of View
The vantage point from which the author has chosen to tell the story.

16. First Person
One of the characters is actually telling the story, using the pronoun “I.”

17. Third Person
Narrator is an outside storyteller. (can be “limited” or “omniscient” point of view.)

18. Omniscient “All Knowing”
Person telling the story knows everything there is to know about the characters and their problems.

19. Narrator only knows one character’s thoughts and feelings.
Limited
Narrator only knows one character’s thoughts and feelings.

20. The narrator is not always the author.
Point of View
The narrator is not always the author.

21. The time and place of a story or play.
Setting
The time and place of a story or play.

22. Setting
One purpose of setting is to provide background - a place for the characters to live and act in.
In some stories, setting provides the conflict.
Places where people live and make their homes can reveal a great deal about their characters.

23. Setting
Setting can also provide atmosphere or mood - it affects the way a reader feels.
One of the oldest story plots in the world is the one in which a person fights against something in the physical world - a drought, a horde of ants, the heat of the desert, etc.

24. Describing the Setting
What kind of place does the story take place in?
What is the season, climate, and time of day?
Are the characters in conflict with the setting?

25. Describing the Setting
Does the setting help to understand their personalities?
What kind of atmosphere does the setting create?

26. A struggle or clash between opposing characters or forces.
Conflict
A struggle or clash between opposing characters or forces.
External: Man v. Man, Man v. Nature, Man v. Society
Internal: Man v. Himself, Man v. Fate (God)

27. Anything that stands for or represents something else.
Symbolism
Anything that stands for or represents something else.
Examples: Red rose
American Flag

28. Message about life or the central message of the story.
Theme
Message about life or the central message of the story.

29. Theme A theme makes some revelation about a subject.
The subject of the story is NOT THE SAME as the theme of the story.
The subject is simply the topic of the story.
Theme is not “love.” Ask yourself…what about “love”?

30. Theme A theme is usually not stated directly in the story.
Theme is not character-specific.

31. Finding a Theme
Does the title signify something important about the story?
Does the main character change in the course of the story? Does he or she realize something he or she didn’t know before?
Are there any important statements about life or people made in the story - either by the narrator or the characters?

32. A contrast between expectation and reality.
Irony
A contrast between expectation and reality.
Between what is said and what is
really meant.
Between what is expected to happen
and what really happens.
Between what appears to be true
and what is really true.

33. Types of Irony
Verbal - a writer or speaker says one thing but means another
Situational - what we expect to happen is different than what actually happens.
Dramatic - Audience or reader knows what is happening but the characters do not.

34. Other Terms to Know
Foreshadowing – Clues to suggest events that have not happened yet in the story; creates suspense.
Suspense - The uncertain feeling about what is going to happen next in a story.

35. Other Terms to Know
Mood – (Atmosphere) Feeling created in the reader by the piece of writing.
Tone - The way the writer feels about the story & the characters

36. Other Terms to Know
Allusion – References in a piece of writing that refer to the Bible, a time in history or another work of literature or art.
Frame Story – Story within another story.
Dialect – Way a character speaks (directly related to setting & time period)