1. Applying Dendrochronology in Environmental Studies of Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Productivity Paul R. Sheppard

2. Perturbations in N Cycle Natural fixation: 140 Human fixation: 140 –Mostly fertilizers –Then legumes –Plus cars, factories Essential fact: N fixation is doubled now

3. N Deposition Not Equal Globally

4. Nitrogen Saturation Too much of a good thing is not a good thing Nutrient imbalances –Plant growth decline Nitrate leaching into drinking water Trace gas emissions Not certain of the impact of the grand N perturbation on forest productivity

5. Dendro-Soils Field Methods Collect tree cores as usual Collect soils data for each tree –Whole soil samples –Nutrient availability from IER Careful mapping of trees within site Normal physiographic information Associate tree growth trends with soil/geomorphic properties, N

6. Field Use of Resins Bury in root zone –How many per tree? –Distance from trunk? –Depth? –Rocks! Working on this now Key point: like root absorption of nutrients

7. Dendro Environmental N Studies Sites with sluggish natural N cycling Along a steep gradient of N deposition SoCal/Baja: –Old trees –Subalpine sites –Poor soils –Huge N gradient

8. On a Clear Day in San Gorgonio

9. Not Much Better Over San Jacinto

10. San Jacinto Chronologies

18. One-way ANOVA: 1950-70s versus hllslp5 Analysis of Variance for 1950-70s Source DF SS MS F P hllslp5 4 0.000881 0.000220 1.97 0.109 Error 66 0.007368 0.000112 Total 70 0.008249 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----------+---------+---------+------ 1flats 8 0.00661 0.01564 (--------*---------) 2toeslp 6 0.00114 0.00978 (---------*----------) 3midslp 41 0.00100 0.00969 (---*---) 4shldr 10 0.00661 0.00540 (-------*--------) 5sumsad 6 0.01185 0.01523 (----------*----------) ----------+---------+---------+------ Pooled StDev = 0.01057 0.0000 0.0080 0.0160

19. One-way ANOVA: 1950-70s versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for 1950-70s Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 0.000767 0.000767 7.07 0.010 Error 69 0.007482 0.000108 Total 70 0.008249 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+ 1midslop 47 0.00100 0.00921 (-------*------) 2others 24 0.00795 0.01248 (----------*---------) ------+---------+---------+---------+ Pooled StDev = 0.01041 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120

20. One-way ANOVA: 1950-70s versus mislopetoe Analysis of Variance for 1950-70s Source DF SS MS F P mislopet 1 0.000809 0.000809 7.50 0.008 Error 69 0.007440 0.000108 Total 70 0.008249 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+---------+---------+---------+-- 1midslop 51 0.00124 0.00929 (----*-----) 2others 20 0.00874 0.01283 (--------*---------) ----+---------+---------+---------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.01038 0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150

22. One-way ANOVA: NO3-N versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for NO3-N Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 0.1 0.1 0.00 0.964 Error 69 2381.0 34.5 Total 70 2381.0 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ------+---------+---------+---------+ 1midslop 47 4.517 5.783 (----------*-----------) 2others 24 4.583 6.052 (---------------*---------------) ------+---------+---------+---------+ Pooled StDev = 5.874 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5

23. One-way ANOVA: NH4-N versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for NH4-N Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 69 69 0.63 0.430 Error 69 7589 110 Total 70 7658 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -------+---------+---------+--------- 1midslop 47 16.44 11.26 (---------*---------) 2others 24 14.35 8.73 (-------------*-------------) -------+---------+---------+--------- Pooled StDev = 10.49 12.0 15.0 18.0

24. One-way ANOVA: K versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for K Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 19390 19390 4.02 0.049 Error 69 332577 4820 Total 70 351967 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -----+---------+---------+---------+- 1midslop 47 127.89 78.07 (-------*-------) 2others 24 92.96 47.64 (----------*----------) -----+---------+---------+---------+- Pooled StDev = 69.43 75 100 125 150

25. One-way ANOVA: Ca versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for Ca Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 7.371 7.371 8.66 0.004 Error 69 58.709 0.851 Total 70 66.080 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -------+---------+---------+--------- 1midslop 47 1.6157 0.9235 (-----*------) 2others 24 0.9346 0.9202 (--------*---------) -------+---------+---------+--------- Pooled StDev = 0.9224 0.80 1.20 1.60

26. One-way ANOVA: Mg versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for Mg Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 0.1719 0.1719 7.79 0.007 Error 69 1.5220 0.0221 Total 70 1.6938 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev ----+---------+---------+---------+-- 1midslop 47 0.3223 0.1509 (------*------) 2others 24 0.2183 0.1436 (---------*---------) ----+---------+---------+---------+-- Pooled StDev = 0.1485 0.180 0.240 0.300 0.360

27. One-way ANOVA: Na versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for Na Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 0.0002700 0.0002700 5.56 0.021 Error 69 0.0033497 0.0000485 Total 70 0.0036197 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -------+---------+---------+--------- 1midslop 47 0.017872 0.006896 (-------*--------) 2others 24 0.013750 0.007109 (----------*----------) -------+---------+---------+--------- Pooled StDev = 0.006968 0.0125 0.0150 0.0175

28. One-way ANOVA: IER NO3-N versus midslopes Analysis of Variance for IER NO3- Source DF SS MS F P midslope 1 475.8 475.8 4.76 0.034 Error 53 5297.0 99.9 Total 54 5772.7 Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -+---------+---------+---------+----- 1midslop 36 10.688 11.065 (--------*-------) 2others 19 4.503 7.498 (----------*-----------) -+---------+---------+---------+----- Pooled StDev = 9.997 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0

30. Conclusions Site selection Tree selection Ring-width processing Soil measurements Site chronologies have internal variability