1. Topic 8.2 Part 2 and 8.3

2. Kennedy and Civil Rights Actively courted black votes “If the president does not himself wage the struggle for equal rights –if he stands above the battle-then the battle will inevitably be lost.” Once in office moved slowly Did not want to anger southern Democratic senators

3. Kennedy and Civil Rights Civil rights movement gained momentum Violence began to spread Kennedy could no longer avoid the issue Proposed Civil Rights legislation, but was blocked by Southern Congressmen

4. March on Washington - 1963 Wanted to focus national attention on Kennedy’s bill Civil rights leaders proposed a march on Washington

5. March on Washington - 1963 March on Washington took place in August 1963 More than 200,000 people came from all over the country to call for “jobs and freedom” Leader Phillip Randolph directed the march Religious leaders and celebrities attended The march was peaceful and orderly

6. March on Washington - 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have Dream Speech” Became his best known speech –“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character”

7. “I Have a Dream” speech

8. MLK Fourth generation Minister Rose to prominence during the Montgomery Bus Boycott Important Civil Rights Movement leader

9. Lived with constant death threats and physical intimidation

10. Johnson and Civil rights Three months after the march President Kennedy was assassinated His civil rights bill was still not close to being passed Lyndon B Johnson Picked up where Kennedy left off Johnson did MUCH more than Kennedy did on Civil Rights legislation

11. Johnson and Civil rights Not willing to compromise on civil rights CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 –Banned different voting standards –Banned discriminations in public places Such as restaurants, gas stations, theaters, and sports arenas –Banned discrimination on the base of race, sex, age, religion or nation of origin –Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Investigate charges of job discrimination

12. Freedom Summer - 1964 Voter registration drive in Mississippi About a thousand white and black volunteers –Mostly college students Sought to register voters

13. Many were angered before the volunteers arrived KKK held rallies to intimidate the volunteers Subject to extreme violence Churches and houses were burned and bombed 3 civil rights workers reported missing –James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were murdered –FBI agents found their bodies buried a few miles from their burned-out station wagon

14. Selma Protest led by MLK Black southerners still had trouble obtaining their right to vote In Selma Alabama police arrested people just for standing in line to register to vote MLK and other leaders organize a march From Selma to Montgomery (the state capital) About 50 miles away

15. Selma March 1965 As marchers set out state troopers on horseback charged into the crowed –Armed with whips, clubs, and tear gas TV coverage of the attack shocked viewers In response LBJ sends in federal troops to protect the route Marchers start out again Reach Montgomery-25,000 people

16. Led to important legislation: Voting Rights Act of 1965 –Federal officials could register voters in places where local officials were blocking registration 24 th Amendment –1964 –Banned Poll taxes

17. Topic 8.3

18. The Rise of Black Nationalism Did not support nonviolent protest –Many felt nonviolence did not work, or took too long. “We shall overcome” became “We shall overrun”

19. Malcolm X Father was a Baptist minister –Activist parents –Spread the “back to Africa” message of Marcus Garvey Outstanding student in Junior High, dropped out Arrested for burglary-served 7 years While in jail joined Nation of Islam –A group often called the black Muslims –Waiting on Allah to bring about a black nation

20. Malcolm X Emerges from prison with a purpose Spent 12 years as a minister of the Nation of Islam winning over followers Spread the idea of black nationalism –Belief in separate identity and racial unity of the African American community –Did not want to integrate –Sought to acquire economic power –Infuse among blacks a sense of community and group feeling

21. Malcolm X Disagreed with tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement Very critical of MLK and non-violence, very distrusting of white society.

22. Malcolm X - continued Left the Nation of Islam and formed his own religious organization called Muslim Mosque Made pilgrimage (religious journey) to Mecca in Saudi Arabia Holy city of Islam Millions of Muslims of all races worshipping together peacefully

23. Malcolm X - continued Returns a different man –Changed his views –More inclusive to whites, and other groups –Ready to work with civil rights leaders and white Americans February 1965 – shot to death Members of the Nation of Islam were charged with the murder His message of black nationalism lived on –Influenced younger members of SNCC

24. Sought to build up black pride and black communities Arose from members of the SNCC leader of Black Power Movement was Stokley Carmichael –Tired of nonviolent protest –Shared views with Malcolm X –Reaction to violence blacks had been through in their “non-violent” approach. –Members were almost exclusively black. No more white college students. –“We Shall Overrun” Black Power Movement

25. Black Panthers-1966 Most influential Black Nationalist group Members –Wanted African Americans to lead their own communities –Wanted the federal government to rebuild the nation’s ghettos To make up for years of neglect –Wanted to monitor police –Came into conflict with white authorities Lead by Bobby Seale & Huey Newton

26. Bobby Seale & Huey Newton Clashed with police Violence was not uncommon

27. Race Riots of 1964-1965 Some were becoming more impatient and advocated a more violent stance because of continued de facto segregation. (separation caused by social conditions such as poverty) Small disputes began growing into days of riots by African-Americans. New York 1964 and Watts, California 1965. Peaceful slogans like “We Shall Over Come” gave way to “Burn Baby Burn” Watts (Los Angeles), California New York City and suburbs

28. Tensions run high throughout the country; minor incidents set off riots that last for days, and destroy black neighborhoods.

29. 1968 MLK went to Memphis Tennessee On April 4, 1968 while standing on the balcony of his motel he was struck by a bullet –He died an hour later –James Earl Ray 99 year prison term Assassinations of MLK leads to widespread rioting The Civil Rights movement is robbed of one of its most prominent leaders Civil rights leader Andrew Young, left, and others on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968

30. Robert F. Kennedy is Assassinated After the assassination of President Kennedy –Senator Robert F. Kennedy had come to support the civil rights movement 1968 RFK decided to enter the race for the Democratic presidential nomination After giving a speech in a Los Angeles hotel he was shot –Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Sirhan –Self appointed assassin –Life in prison

31. Thurgood Marshall October 2, 1967 Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American Supreme Court Justice

32. Black Mayors in many cities In 1968 Shirley Chisholm was the first black woman elected to Congress

33. Barbara Jordan 1966 1 st Black State Senator in Texas since Reconstruction Later US Congresswoman

34. Sweatt v. Painter In 1946, Heman Sweatt applied for admission to the University of Texas School of Law in Austin –UT President Theophilus Painter rejected Sweatt's application With the help of the NAACP –Sweatt filed suit against the university seeking admission –State established a separate law school for blacks in Houston Supreme Court ruled that the separate school established for blacks lacked equality 1950, he entered UT's law school.