1. The Holocaust ( )

2. The Holocaust
Of the 60 million World War II deaths, 11 million people died in German death camps including 3.5 million Russians, and 6 million Jews (2/3rds of all European Jews)
The word Holocaust was given to the killing of the 6 million Jews because it was a war of extermination designed to wipe out an entire group of people.
Hitler’s “Final Solution”
Systematic genocide

3. Holocaust Chronology
Jan 30, Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000.
March 22, Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women.
April 1, Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.
April 11, Nazis issue a decree defining a non- Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non- Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith."

4. 1933 NAZIS boycott Jewish businesses
issue decree that defines non-Aryans
Hermann Goering creates the GESTAPO, he was also Adolph Hitler’s Successor (#2) and Commander of the Luftwaffe (Air Force)
first concentration camps are
built
Dachau - 3/22/33

6. Holocaust Chronology
July 14, Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany; Also, Nazis pass Law to strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German citizenship.
July Nazis pass law allowing for forced sterilization of those found by a Hereditary Health Court to have genetic defects.
Nov 24, Nazis pass a Law against Habitual and Dangerous Criminals, which allows beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to concentration camps.
Sept 15, Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed.
Nov Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9–10, 1938-Nazi Party members went around and attacked Jews and their businesses and their churches called Synagogues)

7. 1934 Jews are not allowed to have national health insurance
The SS (Schutz-staffel) is formed-Small, permanent “para-military” guard of the Nazi Party-Difrerent from regular German Military
Hitler becomes Der Fuherer and receives a 90% approval rating from the people

8. Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935
Deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving them the status of "subjects" in Hitler's Reich.
The laws also made it forbidden for Jews to marry Aryans
The Nuremberg Laws had the unexpected result of causing confusion and heated debate over who was a "full Jew."
The Nazis settled on defining a "full Jew" as a person with three Jewish grandparents. Those with less were designated as Mischlinge.
After the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, a dozen supplemental Nazi decrees were issued that eventually outlawed the Jews completely, depriving them of their rights as human beings.

9. 1936 SS Deathshead division is created to guard camps
Heinreich Himmler is appointed Chief of the German Police & Head of the SS
Olympic games in Berlin, Jews treated better - briefly.

10. Holocaust Chronology Cont.
July 23, Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply for identity cards from the police, to be shown on demand to any police officer.
May The St. Louis, a ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the United States and other countries and returns to Europe.
Sept 1, Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop million, the largest in Europe).
Oct Nazis begin euthanasia on sick and disabled in Germany.
March 7, German Jews ordered into forced labor.
Oct 5, Himmler orders all Jews in concentration camps in Germany to be sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek.

11. 1939-KRISTALLNACHT Night of Broken Glass
Jewish stores, shops and synagogues burned down
Took place because a German official was killed in Paris by a Jew
November 9, 1939

12. Holocaust Chronology Cont.
Jan 27, Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz. By this time, an estimated 2,000,000 persons, including 1,500,000 Jews, have been murdered there.
April 29, U.S. 7th Army liberates Dachau.

13. POLAND 1939 Sept. 1, 1939 Nazis invade Poland 3.35 million Jews
Hans Frank becomes governor of Poland
Forced labor decree issued and all Jews must wear yellow stars

14. 1940 German Jews are deported to Poland
Ghettos of Lodz, Krakow and Warsaw are sealed off.
Total of 600,000 Jews
These ghettos will be liquidated starting in 1942
German soldiers rounding up Jews to be placed in ghettos

15. 1941 Nazis invade the Soviet Union Jewish population of 3 million
Hitler issues infamous “Commissar Order”
SS Einsatzgruppen follow advance of German Army
“Liquidate all Communist officials you encounter!

16. Wannsee Conference
Heydrich was ordered by Hermann Goering to prepare a “final solution” to the Jewish question
Heydrich organized a meeting with 15 top Nazi officials in Berlin = Jan. 20, 1942
Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons

17. Reinhard Heydrich Nicknamed “The Blond Beast” and “Hangman Heydrich”
second in command of Gestapo and SS
principle planner of the Final Solution
Brigadier General in SS at the age of 30

18. FINAL SOLUTION
“Now judgement has begun and it will reach its conclusion only when the knowledge of the Jews has been erased from the earth!” Nazi Newspaper
there were 3 phases of the Nazi plan to wipe out the Jewish population of Europe

19. Phase 1 = Shooting
Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated
They were taken to the woods and were shot one by one
their bodies were buried in mass graves

20. Phase 2 = Gas Vans
Again, Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated in vans
The vans were equipped so that the van’s exhaust was piped back into the van
700,000 Jews killed in Vans

21. Problems with Phases 1,2
The Nazis encountered several problems with the executions and gas vans
First, they were both taking to much time
Second, resources such as gas and munitions were becoming scarce
Third, soldiers involved were beginning to have psychological problems with what they were doing.

22. Phase 3 = The Camps
Nazi leaders decided to drastically speed up the Final Solution
there were two different types of camps:
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
EXTERMINATION CAMPS
Jews from all over occupied Europe were to be brought here.

24. CONCENTRATION 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe
prisoners used for forced labor
prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year
communists, homosexuals, criminals, social- democrats, artists.
First camp was opened in 1933, right after Nazis came to power

25. EXTERMINATION Started out as ordinary concentration camps
later modified with gassing installations for use on humans, now “DEATH CAMPS”
two sub-groups:
1) Majdanek and Auschwitz, Birkenau
2) Operation Reinhard camps and Chelmno
“NAZIS GET CLOSE TO CREATING HELL ON EARTH!!!”

26. CHELMNO Jews from the Lodz ghetto in Poland sent here
First death camp built = 1941
First to use Gas Vans on Jews

27. CAMPS IN POLAND

28. MAJDANEK Established in 1941 as a POW camp
started its part in the Final Solution in 1942
Jews, Poles and Soviet POW’s sent here
had two gas chambers to exterminate

29. AUSCHWITZ Started operations in January 1940 (Poland)
Himmler chose Auschwitz as the place for the Final Solution
had 4 gas chambers/crematories by 1943
mass killings with Zyklon B gas
commanded by Rudolph Hoess
recorded 12,000 kills in one day

30. THE SS AT AUSCHWITZ ORDERED TO TAKE ALL POSSESSIONS FROM JEWS
TEETH WITH GOLD
PILES OF GLASSES

31. ZYKLON-B
GAS USED TO KILL VERMIN. IT WAS INEXPENSIVE COMPARED TO GAS. DROPPED FROM CEILINGS

32. Dr. Josef Mengele “ANGEL OF DEATH” Arrived in Auschwitz in May of 1943
SS Doctor who had power of life/death
performed medical experiments on Jewish children
“ANGEL OF DEATH”

33. OPERATION REINHARD Largest single massacre of Holocaust
March 1942-November 1943
named after Reinhard Heydrich
carried out at three camps, run by the SS
every Jew that arrived at one of the camps would be dead in 2 hours.
Total of 1,700,000 Jews killed

34. BELZEC MARCH 1942 JEWS FROM LUBIN GHETTO- POLAND
OPERATIONS STOP DECEMBER 1942
CAMP WAS DISMANTLED AND PLOWED OVER AND PLANTED ON

35. TREBLINKA JEWS FROM WARSAW GHETTO 10 GAS CHAMBERS
LOCATED EAST OF WARSAW
BODIES WERE BURNED IN OPEN PITS
AUGUST 1943

36. Camp Totals

37. STATISTICS BY COUNTRY
Jewish population before, Jewish population after Holocaust

38. History of Jewish Ghettos

39. What were Jewish Ghettos?
Because the Germans aimed to control a large Jewish population they forced Jews to live in marked-off sections of towns and cities the Nazis called "ghettos" or "Jewish residential quarters."
Ghettos were small areas within a city that were sealed off with barbed-wire or high walls.
Inhabitants were forbidden from leaving the compound
No one can enter from the outside
They had curfews and other restrictions for daily life
Warsaw Ghetto Wall
Modern Day

40. What was it like to be forced to move to the ghettos?
All Jews were forced to leave their homes and required to live in ghettos
Jews were given minutes to gather their belongings before being kicked out of their homes, often at gunpoint.
The rest of their property was left to looters and thieves.
German authorities set up warehouses for collecting the goods that had been confiscated from Jewish businesses and homes once the Jews were removed.

41. Jewish Ghettos
What was the reason the Nazi’s gave for moving Jews into the ghetto?
Danger that a typhus epidemic would spread through the city (Nazi claim)
[Typhus is a bacterial disease spread by lice or fleas.]
What was the real reason?
Ghettos were a temporary way to keep track of the Jews until it proved possible to achieve the Nazi party’s stated goal of eliminating, or kill them all of them (THE TRUTH)

42. OCTOBER 12, 1940 WARSAW JEWS ORDERED INTO GHETTO
All Jewish residents of Warsaw, the Polish capital, were ordered into the designated area, which was to be sealed off from the rest of the city in November
Construction of a wall, more than 10 feet high and topped with barbed wire, began.
The Germans guard the ghetto boundary closely to prevent movement between the ghetto and the rest of Warsaw.
The Warsaw ghetto was the largest of the ghettos in both area and population.
More than 350,000 Jews--about 30 percent of the city's population--are confined in about 2.4 percent of the city's total area.

43. Characteristics of Life in the Ghettos
German-induced overcrowding and food shortages led to an extremely high mortality rate in the ghetto.
The Germans set a food ration for Jews at just 181 calories a day.
[that is equal to 2 Tablespoons of peanut butter or 15 saltine crackers]
By August 1941, more than 5,000 people a month succumbed to starvation and disease.
Jews lived in a state of chaos and immense anxiety in the ghettos
People were sick and malnourished
Lived in crowded conditions and had few resources
45,000 Jews died there in 1941 due to overcrowding, hard labor, lack of sanitation, starvation, and disease.

44. Where did Nazi’s establish Ghettos?
1000’s of Ghettos were established in 1939 in occupied eastern Europe
Jews from northern and western Europe were transported to eastern European ghettos
Ghettos were set up in cities and towns where Jews were already living in large concentrations.
The Germans usually marked off the oldest, most run-down sections of cities for the ghettos.

45. Map: Ghettos in Occupied Poland
There were 16 Ghettos in Occupied Poland

46. Abraham Lewent, Warsaw Ghetto
Born: 1924, Warsaw, Poland
Describes conditions in the Warsaw ghetto [Interview: 1989]
Jews work on the construction
of a wall around the Warsaw
ghetto area.
---Instytut Pamieci Narodowej

47. What happened to the Ghettos?
Jews who don’t die in the ghettos were transported to concentration camps to be murdered at the hands of Nazis
Eventually all ghettos were emptied and destroyed

48. Suitcase Activity
A soldier at gun point bursts into your home screaming obscenities and calling you names. He tells you the following,
“You have 20 minutes to pack. It cannot weigh more than 20lbs. One bag per person.”
You ask questions and try to argue, but he just yells and fires off a round into the air. You do not know where you are going or for how long.
What do you pack and why?
What is the most meaningful and prized possession that you own? Is this something you will bring
You may draw or write out your response. Be prepared to discuss it with the class. Once you have completed your response, place your paper in the suitcase in the middle of the room.